24  Attributions:

24.1 Cover

By TheDigitalArtist - https://pixabay.com/pt/illustrations/esqueleto-ossos-anatomiahumano-1561177/, CC0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106655324

24.2 Definition Sources:

• 1. Wikipedia, various entries, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License
• 2. J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix, Apr 20, 2022, OpenStax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, OpenStax, Houston, Texas
• 3. Mary Ann Clark, Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mar 28, 2018, Biology 2e, OpenStax, Houston, Texas.
• 4. Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster, Nov 1, 2016, Microbiology, OpenStax, Houston, Texas

24.3 Chapter 1:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,;https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13 CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”. August 2005, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 1.1, Unlabeled body cavities. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Body\_Cavities\_labeled.png#/media/File:B ody\_Cavities\_labeled.png.
• 5. Figure 1.2. Anatomical position. Connexions. http://cnx.org/content/m47807/latest/. 7 May 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomical\_position.jpg#/media/File:Anato mical\_position.jpg.
• 6. Figure 1.3 Prone and supine diagrams. Jmarchn Own work. 19 April 2020. CC BY-SA 3.0 unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Supine\_and\_prone\_diagramsen.svg#/media/File:Supine\_and\_prone\_diagrams-en.svg. Figure 1.4. Unlabeled directional terms diagram. Jmarchn. Own work. 26 August 2015. CC BY-SA 3.0 unported.
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Directional\_Terms\_cleared.png#/media/Fil e:Directional\_Terms\_cleared.png.
• 7. Figure 1.5 Sagittal section of the head. The subject is an 18-year-old male who had blunt trauma to the head after a 25 m long jump during motocross. Mikael Häggström. CC0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Own work. 16 March 2019.
  • CT\_of\_a\_normal\_brain,\_sagittal\_21.png#/media/File:CT\_of\_a\_normal\_brain,\_sagit tal\_21.png.
• 8. Figure 1.6. Seated half spinal twist. Iveto. Own work. 3 October 2010. CC BY SA.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ardha-Matsyendrasana1.JPG#/media/File:Ardha-Matsyendrasana1.JPG.
• 9. Figure 1.7. Shavasana, the yoga relaxation pose. Joseph Renger. Own work. 4/2/2007. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shavasana\_gx\_pli%C3%A9s.jpg#/media/F ile:Shavasana\_gx\_pliés.jpg.
• 10. Figure 1.8. The impatient wait. Alix Proimos 26 February 2012. CC BY 2.0 Generic.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The\_Impatient\Wait\(693079683 5).jpg#/media/File:The\_Impatient\Wait\(6930796835).jpg.
• 11. Figure 1.9. Human Anatomical planes. David Richfield and Mikael Häggström, M.D. and cmglee. Human anatomy planes, labeled.jpg. 2014. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_anatomy\_planes,\_labeled.svg#/m
  • edia/File:Human\_anatomy\_planes,\_labeled.svg.
• 12. Figure 1.10 Human Head slice. US government project in the National Library of Medicine, 1995. http://erie.nlm.nih.gov/~dave/vh/avf1067a.png. November 1995. Public domain.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visible\_Human\_head\_slice.jpg#/media/File: Visible\_Human\_head\_slice.jpg.
  • This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• 13. Figure 1.11. An anatomical illustration from Sobotta’s Human Anatomy 1908. Dr. Johannes Sobotta. Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy Volume III Vascular System, Lymphatic system, Nervous system, and Sense Organs. 1908. Public domain.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sobo\_1909\_624.png#/media/File:Sobo\_19 09\_624.png.
  • This media file is in the public domain in the United States. This applies to U.S. works where the copyright has expired, often because its first publication occurred prior to January 1, 1929, and if not then due to lack of notice or renewal.
• 14. Figure 1.12. The human body is shown in an anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in bold face. Connexions / OpenStax.
  • https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 7 May 2013. CC BY 3.0 unported.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Regions\_of\_Human\_Body.jpg#/media/File: Regions\_of\_Human\_Body.jpg.
• 15. Figure 1.13. Labeled body cavities. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions. http://cnx.org. 5 April 2013. CC BY 3.0 unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Body\_cavities.jpg#/media/File:Body\_caviti es.jpg.
• 16. Figure 1.14. Abdominal quadrants and regions with labels for identification. OpenStax. http://cnx.org/contents/F-TuqKAF@3/Anatomical-Terminology#figch01\_06\_05. 3 June 2013. CC BY 3.0 unported. , https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdominal\_quadrants\_a.0 unportednd\_regions\_with\_labels\_for\_identification.png#/media/File:Abdominal\_qua drants\_and\_regions\_with\_labels\_for\_identification.png
• 17. Figure 1.15. Organ systems I. Connexions. http://cnx.org. 5 April 2013 CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Organ\_Systems\I.jpg#/media/File:Organ\ Systems\_I.jpg.
• 18. Figure 1.16. Organ systems II. Connexions. http://cnx.org. 5 April 2013 CC BY 3.0 Unported., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Organ\_Systems\II.jpg#/media/File:Organ\ Systems\_II.jpg.
• 19. Figure 1.17. Systems of the body. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 20. Figure 1.18. Body Cavities. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.3.1 Chapter 2:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. Figure 2.1. Components of a typical bright field microscope. GCG(jawp). 2008. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Optical\_microscope\_nikon\_alphaphot.jpg#/me dia/File:Optical\_microscope\_nikon\_alphaphot.jpg.
• 4. Figure 2.2 Components of a typical bright field microscope. Parker, Schneegurt, Tu, Lister, and Forster. OpenStax. Microbiology. Nov 1, 2016. Houston, Texas. https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction. https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/2-3-instruments-of-microscopy
• 5. Figure 2.3: Field of view diameter being measured in a microscope with a metric ruler. Mikael Häggström. CC0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Field\_of\_view\_diameter\_in\_microscopy.jpg#/me dia/File:Field\_of\_view\_diameter\_in\_microscopy.jpg.

24.3.2 Chapter 3:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 3.1: Diagram of the cell. By Kelvinsong. 2012. CC CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal\_Cell.svg#/media/File:Animal\_Cell.svg.
• 5. Figure 3.2: Diagram of the cell membrane. OpenStax. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0303\_Lipid\_Bilayer\_With\_Various\_Components\_lab eled.jpg#/media/File:0303\_Lipid\_Bilayer\_With\_Various\_Components\_labeled.jpg.
• 6. Figure 3.3: A typical animal cell with labeled organelles. Mediran. 2012. CC3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryotic\Cell\(animal).jpg#/media/File:Eukaryotic \Cell\(animal).jpg.
• 7. Figure 3.4: Diagram of the cell. By Kelvinsong. 2012. CC CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal\_Cell.svg#/media/File:Animal\_Cell.svg.
• 8. Figure 3.5: The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma. Derivative work: Dhatfield, Original, Mariana Ruiz.LadyofHats. 2008. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell\_membrane\_detailed\_diagram\_3.svg#/media/Fil e:Cell\_membrane\_detailed\_diagram\_3.svg.
• 9. Figure 3.6 . Classroom model of an animal cell: 3B Scientific
• 10. Figure 3.7. The Centriole. Kelvinsong. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centriole-en.svg#/media/File:Centriole-en.svg.
• 11. Figure 3.8. derivative Lijealso from original Mariana Ruiz, 2008. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram\_human\_cell\_nucleus\_pt.svg#/media/File:Di agram\_human\_cell\_nucleus\_pt.svg.
• 12. Figure 3.9. Medrian. 2012. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryotic\Cell\(animal).jpg#/media/File:Eukaryotic \Cell\(animal).jpg.
• 13. Figure 3.10. Lise Yohn. 2022. CC 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cytoskeleton\_Components.png#/media/File:Cytoskel eton\_Components.png.
• 14. Figure 3.11. Endoplasmic reticulum. BruceBlaus. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0350\_EndoplasmicReticulum.png#/media/F ile:Blausen\_0350\_EndoplasmicReticulum.png.
• 15. Figure 3.12. Endoplasmic reticulum. BruceBlaus. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0350\_EndoplasmicReticulum.png#/media/F ile:Blausen\_0350\_EndoplasmicReticulum.png.
• 16. Figure 3.13 The Golgi Apparatus.. Kelvinsong.. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centriole-en.svg#/media/File:Centriole-en.svg.
• 17. Figure 3.14. Lumereno. 2011. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lysosome.jpg#/media/File:Lysosome.jpg.
• 18. Figure 3.15 The Mitochondrion. Kelvinsong.. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centriole-en.svg#/media/File:Centriole-en.svg.
• 19. Figure 3.16. derivative Lijealso from original Mariana Ruiz, 2008. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram\_human\_cell\_nucleus\_pt.svg#/media/File:Di agram\_human\_cell\_nucleus\_pt.svg.
• 20. Figure 3.17. original; Agateller, Vector; Qef. 2009.. Public Domin. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peroxisome.svg#/media/File:Peroxisome.svg.
• 21. Figure 3.18. Figure 3.9. Medrian. 2012. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryotic\Cell\(animal).jpg#/media/File:Eukaryotic \Cell\(animal).jpg.
• 22. Figure 3.19. Endoplasmic reticulum. BruceBlaus. 2013. CC 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0350\_EndoplasmicReticulum.png#/media/F ile:Blausen\_0350\_EndoplasmicReticulum.png.
• 23. Figure 3.20. Figure 3.20:The eukaryotic cell cycle. Boumphreyfr. 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryotic\_replication\_cycle.png#/media/File:Eukary otic\_replication\_cycle.png.
• 24. Figure 3.21. A series of cell diagrams showing the mitosis division of eukaryotic cells. LadyofHats. 2008. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis\_cells\_sequence.svg#/media/File:Mitosis\_cell s\_sequence.svg.
• 25. Figure 3.22: (a) Bright field microscopy image of root meristem of onion showing cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase of Mitosis (Magnification: 1600x) Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc.CC by SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis\_(261\_13)\_Pressed;\_root\_meristem\_of\_onion \_(cells\_in\_prophase,\_metaphase,\_anaphase,\telophase).jpg#/media/File:Mitosis\(261\13)\ Pressed;\_root\_meristem\_of\onion\(cells\_in\_prophase,\_metaphase,\_anaphase,\_telophase).j pg. (b) Mitosis: Pressed; root meristem of onion. By Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc.. CC by SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis\_(261\_15)\_Pressed;\_root\_meristem\_of\_onion .jpg#/media/File:Mitosis\_(261\_15)\_Pressed;\_root\_meristem\_of\_onion.jpg.
• 26. Figure 3.23: Stages of Mitosis and Cytokinesis. OpenStax. 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0331\_Stages\_of\_Mitosis\_and\_Cytokinesis.jpg#/medi a/File:0331\_Stages\_of\_Mitosis\_and\_Cytokinesis.jpg.
• 27. Figure 3.24. The Cell. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 28. Figure 3.25. Nucleus numbered version. original version by Mariana Ruiz.derivitive by Felipe Fontoura. - File:Diagram human cell nucleus.svg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2142508. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram\_human\_cell\_nucleus\_numbered\_version.s vg#/media/File:Diagram\_human\_cell\_nucleus\_numbered\_version.svg
• 29. Figure 3.26. . Label the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis. E. B. Wilson. 1900 The cell in Development and Inheritance (2nd ed.), Category:New York: The Macmillan Company, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3155599. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilson1900Fig2.jpg#/media/File:Wilson1900Fig2.jpg

24.3.2.1 Chapter 4:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 4.1. By Waughd Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79725702. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slide\_under\_a\_microscope.jpg.
• 5. Figure 4.2: Identification of Epithelial tissues. 2013. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:403\_Epithelial\_Tissue.jpg#/media/File:403\_Epithelial \_Tissue.jpg.
• 6. Figure 4.3. Epithelial Tissues: Simple Squamous Epithelium (frog) 2018 Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO
• 7. Figure 4.4. Simple cuboidal epithelium 2018 Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\_Simple\_Cuboidal\Epithelium\(41 681552432).jpg#/media/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\_Simple\_Cuboidal\Epithelium\(41681552432 ).jpg.
• 8. Figure 4.5. Simple epithelial epithelium 2018 Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\_Simple\_Columnar\Epithelium\(2 7854452128).jpg#/media/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\_Simple\_Columnar\Epithelium\(278544521 28).jpg.
• 9. Figure 4.6. Stratified squamous epithelium 2018 Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\_Stratified\_Squamous\_Epithelium \_(40230842160).jpg#/media/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\_Stratified\_Squamous\Epithelium\(4023 0842160).jpg.
• 10. Figure 4.7. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2304\_Pseudostratified\_Epithelium.jpg#/media/File:2 304\_Pseudostratified\_Epithelium.jpg.
• 11. Figure 4.8. Transitional epithelium 2018 Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\Transitional\(27025226037).jpg# /media/File:Epithelial\_Tissues\Transitional\(27025226037).jpg.
• 12. Figure 4.9: Connective tissues Illustration: connective tissue types. Public Domain, 2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1273807.
• 13. Figure 4.10. Mateja, G. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 14. Figure 4.11 Loose areolar tissue tissue spread magnification: 400x. Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connective\_Tissue\_Loose\Aerolar\(41743649782).j pg#/media/File:Connective\_Tissue\_Loose\Aerolar\(41743649782).jpg.
• 15. Figure 4.12. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 16. Figure 4.13. White fibrous Connective Tisue. Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connective\_Tissue\_White\_Fibrous\Connective\(27 986734918).jpg#/media/File:Connective\_Tissue\_White\_Fibrous\Connective\(27986734918). jpg.
• 17. Figure 4.14. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 18. Figure 4.15. cross section of adipose tissue: magnification: 400x. By Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library - Connective Tissue: Adipose, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70159561
• 19. Figure 4.16. Figure 4.15 Areolar tissue silver stained from Phillip Harris Biological Supply section: H.2-1 (Exposure 1/2; 400x) . Mateja 2011.
• 20. Figure 4.17. Loose areolar tissue tissue spread magnification: 400x. Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connective\_Tissue\_Loose\Aerolar\(41743649782).j pg#/media/File:Connective\_Tissue\_Loose\Aerolar\(41743649782).jpg.
• 21. Figure 4.18. Dense regular connective tissue. Mateja, 2011: Triarch section: HB 5-1T (Exposure 1/1.3; 400x)
• 22. Figure 4.19. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 23. Figure 4.20. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 24. Figure 4.21. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 25. Figure 4.22. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 26. Figure 4.23. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 27. Figure 4.24. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 28. Figure 4.25. Mateja, George. 2024. Introduction to Human Biology: Microphotography First Edition. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• 29. Figure 4.26. Loose areolar tissue tissue spread magnification: 400x. Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connective\_Tissue\_Loose\Aerolar\(41743649782).j pg#/media/File:Connective\_Tissue\_Loose\Aerolar\(41743649782).jpg.
• 30. Figure 4.27. White fibrous Connective Tissue. Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image 2018. CC BY CCO. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Connective\_Tissue\_White\_Fibrous\Connective\(27 986734918).jpg#/media/File:Connective\_Tissue\_White\_Fibrous\Connective\(27986734918). jpg.
• 31. Figure 4.28. cross section of adipose tissue: magnification: 400x. By Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library - Connective Tissue: Adipose, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70159561

24.3.3 Chapter 5:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 5.1: The integumentary system. http.scientificanimations.com. 2019. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Integumentary\_system.jpg#/media/File:Integumentar y\_system.jpg.
• 5. Figure 5.2: The integumentary system labelling exercise. No author. 2006. Public domain Work of US fed. Gov. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skinno\_language.PNG#/media/File:Skin-no\_language.PNG.
• 6. Figure 5.3: Photomicrograph of a section of thick skin. Kilbad. 2008. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal\_Epidermis\_and\_Dermis\_with\_Intradermal\_N evus\_10x.JPG#/media/File:Normal\_Epidermis\_and\_Dermis\_with\_Intradermal\_Nevus\_10x.JP G.
• 7. Figure 5.4. Diagram of the integument layers. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0802\_Skin\_DermalCirculation.png#/media/ File:Blausen\_0802\_Skin\_DermalCirculation.png.
• 8. Figure 5.5; Layers of the epidermis. Wbensmith, derivative by Mikael Häggström. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epidermal\_layers.png#/media/File:Epidermal\_layers. png.
• 9. Figure 5.6: Layers of the Integumentary system. Comparison of the structure of thick vs thin skin. By Madhero88 and M.Komorniczak - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_layers.png, CC BY-SA 3.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21986708
• 10. Figure 5.7. Photomicrograph of a section of thick skin. Kilbad. Derivative by Mikael Häggström, M.D. 2022. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epidermis,\_papillary\_dermis\_and\_reticular\_dermis.p ng#/media/File:Epidermis,\_papillary\_dermis\_and\_reticular\_dermis.png.
• 11. Figure 5.8. Anatomy of the human skin. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0810\_SkinAnatomy\_01.png#/media/File:Bl
  • ausen\_0810\_SkinAnatomy\_01.png.
• 12. Figure 5.9. Structure of the epidermis. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0353\Epidermis.png#/media/File:Blausen\ 0353\_Epidermis.png.
• 13. Figure 5.10. Epidermis with melanocyte. BruceBlaus. 2022. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0632\Melanocyte\- \_annotated.png#/media/File:Blausen\_0632\Melanocyte\-\_annotated.png.
• 14. Figure. 5.11. Figure 5.11: Examples of melanocytes in the basal layer of the Epidermis. Setijanti H.B., Rusmawati E., Fitria R., Erlina T., Adriany R., Murtiningsih. (2019) Development the Technique for the Preparation and Characterization of Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE), Alternatives to Animal Testing, Springer, Singapore. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Micrograph\_of\_melanocytes\_in\_the\_epidermis.jpg#/ media/File:Micrograph\_of\_melanocytes\_in\_the\_epidermis.jpg.
• 15. Figure 5.12. Layers of the dermis. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436 CC BY 3.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0802\_Skin\_DermalCirculation.png#/media/ File:Blausen\_0802\_Skin\_DermalCirculation.png.
• 16. Figure 5.13. Anatomy of the human skin. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0810\_SkinAnatomy\_01.png#/media/File:Bl ausen\_0810\_SkinAnatomy\_01.png.
• 17. Figure 5.14. Hair follicle. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0438\_HairFollicleAnatomy\_02.png#/media/ File:Blausen\_0438\_HairFollicleAnatomy\_02.png.
• 18. Figure 5.15. The Integumentary System. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 19. Figure 5.16. Anatomy of the human skin sans labels. 2006. “Public domain Work of US fed. gov.”. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skin-no\_language.PNG#/media/File:Skinno\_language.PNG.
• 20. Figure 5.17. Label the layers of the epidermis. OpenStax College. Anatomy and Physiology Connexions. 2020.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:502\_Layers\_of\epidermis\(no\_labels).png#/media/F ile:502\_Layers\_of\epidermis\(no\_labels).png.
• 21. Figure 5.18. Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0. Derivative by Mateja. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0438\_HairFollicleAnatomy\_02.png#/media/ File:Blausen\_0438\_HairFollicleAnatomy\_02.png.

24.4 Chapter 6:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 6.1 An articulated skeleton. Sklmsta 2010. CC BY 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Skeleton.jpg#/media/File:Human-Skeleton.jpg.
• 5. Figure 6.2. Numbered human skeleton. LadyofHats. 2007. Public Domain . https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skeleton\_front\_numbered.svg#/media/File:H uman\_skeleton\_front\_numbered.svg.
• 6. Figure 6.3. Bones of the skeletal system. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2007. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skeleton\_front\en.svg#/media/File:Human\ skeleton\_front\_en.svg.
• 7. Figure 6.4. Axial skeleton. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axial\_Skeleton.png#/media/File:Axial\_Skeleton.png.
• 8. Figure 6.5. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appendicular\_Skeleton.png#/media/File:Appendicula r\_Skeleton.png.
• 9. Figure 6.6. Examples of bone markings. Labeled Bone Markings, Examples of processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach, processes formed to articulate with adjacent bones, elevation or depressions, and openings. OpenStax College. Anatomy and Physiology Connexions.. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:602\_Bone\_Markings.jpg#/media/File:602\_Bone\_Mar kings.jpg.
• 10. Figure 6.7 Classification of bones based on shape. BruceBlaus. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0229\_ClassificationofBones.png#/media/Fil e:Blausen\_0229\_ClassificationofBones.png.
• 11. Figure 6.8. Flat bones in the skeleton. “BodyParts3D, © The Database Center for Life Science licensed under CC Attribution-Share Alike 2.1 Japan. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flat\bones\-\_anterior\view\- \_with\_legend.png#/media/File:Flat\bones\-\_anterior\view\-\_with\_legend.png.
• 12. Figure 6.9. Anatomy of a flat bone. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions. 2013. CC BY 3.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:621\_Anatomy\_of\_a\_Flat\Bone.jpg#/media/File:621\ Anatomy\_of\_a\_Flat\_Bone.jpg.
• 13. Figure 6.10. Long bones anterior view, Shown in red.. “BodyParts3D, © The Database Center for Life Science licensed under CC Attribution-Share Alike 2.1 Japan. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Long\bones\-\_anterior\view\- \_with\_legend.png#/media/File:Long\bones\-\_anterior\view\-\_with\_legend.png
• 14. Figure 6.11. Gross anatomy of the long bone. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:603\_Anatomy\_of\_Long\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:603\_A natomy\_of\_Long\_Bone.jpg.
• 15. Figure 6.12. The cross-section of a bone. Pbroks13. 2008. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bone\_cross-section.svg#/media/File:Bone\_crosssection.svg.
• 16. Figure 6.13. Compact and spongy bone cross section. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. 2016. CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:605\_Compact\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:605\Compact\ Bone.jpg.
• 17. Figure 6.14. Transverse section of an osteocyte digital bitmap graphic. BOB Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body from the classic 1918 publication available online at Bartleby.com.. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transverse\_Section\_Of\_Bone.png#/media/File:Tran sverse\_Section\_Of\_Bone.png.
• 18. Figure 6.15. Photomicrograph of compact bone. Darshani Kansara. 2014. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bone\_connective\_tissue.jpg#/media/File:Bone\_conn ective\_tissue.jpg.
• 19. Figure 6.16. Spongy Bone. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:606\_Spongy\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:606\_Spongy\_Bo ne.jpg.
• 20. Figure 6.17. Bone features. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 21. Figure 6.18. Bone structures. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 22. Figure 6.19. By SEER U.S. National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program (http://training.seer.cancer.gov/index.html)Exact address, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=378948. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_compact\_spongy\_bone.jpg.

24.5 Chapter 7:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 7.1. Human Skeleton. Sklmsta.2010. CC BY 1.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Skeleton.jpg#/media/File:Human-Skeleton.jpg.
• 5. Figure 7.2 Anterior aspect of a human skeleton. Mikael Häggström. 2008. Derivative by LadyofHats. Public Domain.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skeleton\_front\_arrows\_no\_labels.svg#/medi a/File:Human\_skeleton\_front\_arrows\_no\_labels.svg
• 6. Figure 7.3. Axial skeleton. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2008. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axial\_skeleton\_diagram\_blank.svg#/media/File:Axial \_skeleton\_diagram\_blank.svg.
• 7. Figure 7.4. Adult skulls; frontal and lateral views. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2008. Public Domain.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skull\_no\_text\_no\_color.svg#/media/File:Hu man\_skull\_no\_text\_no\_color.svg.
• 8. Figure 7.5. Superior view of the cranium. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg#/media/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg.
• 9. Table 7.1. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 10. Table 7.2. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 11. Figure 7.6. Organization of the Skeleton. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. CC BY 3.0.
• 12. Figure 7.7. Labeled diagram of the axial skeleton. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2008. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axial\_skeleton\_diagram.svg#/media/File:Axial\_skelet on\_diagram.svg.
• 13. Figure 7.8. Cranial bones and sutures, lateral view. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:901\_Skull\_Sutures.jpg#/media/File:901\_Skull\_Sutur es.jpg.
• 14. Figure 7.9 . Anterior view of the skull OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:704\_Skull-01.jpg#/media/File:704\_Skull-01.jpg.
• 15. Figure 7.10 Lateral view of the skull. OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. derivative by Pixelsquid. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:705\_Lateral\_View\_of\_Skull-01.jpg#/media/File:705\_Lateral\_View\_of\_Skull-01.jpg.
• 16. Figure 7.11. Illustration of the temporal bone. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:708\_Temporal\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:708\_Temporal \_Bone.jpg
• 17. Figure 7.12. Posterior view of the skull. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:730\_Posterior\_View\_Skull.jpg#/media/File:730\_Post erior\_View\_Skull.jpg.
• 18. Figure 7.13. Superior and Inferior views of the skull. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg#/media/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg.
• 19. Figure 7.14. Illustration of the sphenoid bone. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:709\_Sphenoid\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:709\_Sphenoid \_Bone.jpg.
• 20. Figure 7.15. Sagittal section of the skull: Cranial and Facial Bones. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:706\_Sagittal\_Section\_of\_Skull-01.jpg#/media/File:706\_Sagittal\_Section\_of\_Skull-01.jpg.
• 21. Figure 7.16. Facial Bones. 2015. Was a bee. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Facial\skeleton\- \_en.svg#/media/File:Facial\skeleton\-\_en.svg.
• 22. Figure 7.17. Nasal Cavity. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:731\_Nasal\_Cavity.jpg#/media/File:731\_Nasal\_Cavit y.jpg.
• 23. Figure 7.18. Nasal Cavity Bones. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0.
• 24. Figure 7.19. The Maxilla. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:711\_Maxilla.jpg#/media/File:711\_Maxilla.jpg.
• 25. Figure 7.20. Mandible. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY- 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:726\_Mandible.jpg#/media/File:726\_Mandible.jpg.
• 26. Figure 7.21 . Bones forming the orbit. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:713\_Bones\_Forming\_Orbit.jpg#/media/File:713\_Bon es\_Forming\_Orbit.jpg.
• 27. Figure 7.22. Hyoid bone. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:712\_Hyoid\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:712\_Hyoid\_Bone.j pg.
• 28. Figure 7.23. Vertebral column with labelled curves. CNX OpenStax. http://cnx.org/contents/GFy\_h8cu@10.53:rZudN6XP@2/Introduction. 2016. CC BY 4.0.. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_38\_01\_08.jpg#/media/File:Figure\_38\_01\_08.j pg
• 29. Figure 7.24. Types of vertebrae. Laboratoires Servier. 2019. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_–\_Smart-Servier.jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\_–\_Smart-Servier.jpg.
• 30. Figure 7.25. Vertebral markings and projections. Jmarchn. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:718\_Vertebra-en.svg#/media/File:718\_Vertebraen.svg
• 31. Figure 7.26. Cervical Vertebrae. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:723\_Cervical\_Vertebrae.jpg#/media/File:723\_Cervic al\_Vertebrae.jpg.
• 32. Figure 7.27. Thoracic vertebrae. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:719\_Thoracic\_Vertebra.jpg#/media/File:719\_Thoraci c\_Vertebra.jpg.
• 33. Figure 7.28. Lumbar Vertebrae. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:725\_Lumbar\_Vertebrae.jpg#/media/File:725\_Lumbar \_Vertebrae.jpg.
• 34. Figure 7.29. Sacrum and Coccyx. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:720\_Sacrum\_and\_Coccyx.jpg#/media/File:720\_Sacr um\_and\_Coccyx.jpg.
• 35. Figure 7.30. Ribs and sternum. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:721\_Rib\_Cage.jpg#/media/File:721\_Rib\_Cage.jpg.
• 36. Figure 7.31. Human skull illustration, anterior view. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2008. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skull\_front\_bones\_numbered.svg#/media/Fil e:Human\_skull\_front\_bones\_numbered.svg.
• 37. Figure 7.32. Human skull illustration, lateral view. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2016. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skull\_side\_bones\_numbered.png#/media/Fil e:Human\_skull\_side\_bones\_numbered.png
• 38. Figure 7.33. Identify the following bones and features-Inferior view. OpenStax College. Mateja. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg#/media/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg.
• 39. Figure 7.34. Identify the following bones and features-Superior view. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg#/media/File:707\_Superior-Inferior\_View\_of\_Skull\_Base-01.jpg.
• 40. Figure 7.35. Human Skeleton; anterior view. LadyofHats, derivative work: Darkdada.2011. Public Domain.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sternum\_location.png#/media/File:Sternum\_location. png.
• 41. Figure 7.36. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 42. Figure 7.37. Thoracic vertebra. MAKY.OREL. 2019. CC BY 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_-
  • \thoracicae\(lateral).jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\_-\thoracicae\(lateral).jpg.
• 43. Figure 7.38. Axis vertebra. MAKY.OREL. 2019. CC BY 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_-
• \axis\(posterior).jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\_-\axis\(posterior).jpg. . 44. Figure 7.39. Cervical vertebra. MAKY.OREL. 2019. CC BY 1.0.
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_-\axis.jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\-\_axis.jpg.
• 45. Figure 7.40. Cervical vertebra. MAKY.OREL. 2019. CC BY 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_- \cervicales\(posterior).jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\_-\cervicales\(posterior).jpg.
• 46. Figure 7.41. Atlas vertebra. MAKY.OREL. 2019. CC BY 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_-\atlas.jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\- \_atlas.jpg.
• 47. Figure 7.42. Atlas vertebra. MAKY.OREL. 2019. CC BY 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebra\_- \lumbales\(superior).jpg#/media/File:Vertebra\_-\lumbales\(superior).jpg.

24.6 Chapter 8:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 8.1. The appendicular skeleton. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. Derivative work, Quico. 2009.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appendicular\_skeleton\_diagram\_blank.svg#/media/F ile:Appendicular\_skeleton\_diagram\_blank.svg.
• 5. Figure 8.2. Unlabeled human skeleton. LadyofHats Human_skeleton_front.svg_- _no_labels.svg. 2009. derived by Mikael Häggström. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_skeleton\_front\_arrows\_no\_labels.svg#/medi a/File:Human\_skeleton\_front\_arrows\_no\_labels.svg.
• 6. Figure 8.3 the Appendicular skeleton. LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. 2007 Public Domain.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appendicular_skeleton_diagram.svg#/media/File:Ap pendicular_skeleton_diagram.svg.
• 7. Figure 8.4. Bones of the appendicular skeleton anterior view. By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal Own work. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6936349
• 8. Figure 8.5. Bones of the appendicular skeleton posterior view. By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal .Public Domain,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6936350
• 9. Figure 8.6. Anterior and poster view of the Pectoral Girdle. OpenStax Collete. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. CC BY 4.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:802\_Pectoral\_Girdle.jpg#/media/File:802\Pectoral\ Girdle.jpg.
• 10. Figure 8.7. The Clavicle Top view shows the anterior side of the left clavicle; Bottom view shows the posterior side of the left clavicle. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). CC BY 4.0
• 11. Figure 8.8. The Scapula, anterior and posterior aspects. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:803\_The\_Scapula.jpg#/media/File:803\_The\_Scapul a.jpg.
• 12. Figure 8.9. Humerus-Posterior view. MAKY.OREL, May 30, 2019. Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedication. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humerus\_- \posterior.jpg#/media/File:Humerus\-\_posterior.jpg.
• 13. Figure 8.10. Humerus-Posterior view. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:804\_Humerus\_and\_Elbow.jpg#/media/File:804\_Hum erus\_and\_Elbow.jpg
• 14. Figure 8.11. Ulna and radius. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:804\_Humerus\_and\_Elbow.jpg#/media/File:804\_Hum erus\_and\_Elbow.jpg.
• 15. Figure 8.12a. Anatomy of the hand.. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). CC BY 3.0. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0440\_HandBones.png#/media/File:Blausen \_0440\_HandBones.png.
• 16. Figure 8.12b. Anatomy of the hand.. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:806\_Hand\_and\_Wrist.jpg#/media/File:806\_Hand\_an d\_Wrist.jpg.
• 17. Figure 8.13. Hip bone Os Coxa). OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:808\_Hip\_Bone.jpg#/media/File:808\_Hip\_Bone.jpg
• 18. Figure 8.14. The Pelvis. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:807\_Pelvis.jpg#/media/File:807\_Pelvis.jpg.
• 19. Figure 8.15. Male-Female pelvic girdle. OpenStax. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:809\_Male\_Female\_Pelvic\_Girdle.jpg#/media/File:80 9\_Male\_Female\_Pelvic\_Girdle.jpg.
• 20. Fig Figure 8.16. Femur and Patella. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0.. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:810\_Femur\_and\_Patella.jpg#/media/File:810\_Femur \_and\_Patella.jpg.
• 21. Figure 8.17. Tibia and Fibula. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:811\_Tibia\_and\_fibula.jpg#/media/File:811\_Tibia\_and \_fibula.jpg.
• 22. Figure 8.18. Bones of the foot. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:812\_Bones\_of\_the\_Foot.jpg#/media/File:812\_Bones \_of\_the\_Foot.jpg.
• 23. Figure 8.19. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 24. Figure 8.20. Unlabeled human skeleton. LadyofHats Human_skeleton_front.svg_- _no_labels.svg. 2009. derived by Mikael Häggström. Public domain..
• 25. Figure 8.21: Anterior view of the humerus. By HumerusFront.png: BDBderivative work: Kerouac (talk) - This file was derived from: HumerusFront.png:, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18488689.
• 26. Figure 18.22. The pelvic girdle. By Laboratoires Servier Smart Servier website: Images related to Bones of pelvis, Skeleton and bones and Bones – Download in Powerpoint format.Flickr: Images related to Bones of pelvis, Skeleton and bones and Bones (in French)., CC BY-SA 3.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82641037

24.6.1 Chapter 9:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 9.1. Synarthrosis joints, for example, the sutures. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:901\_Skull\_Sutures.jpg#/media/File:901\_Skull\_Sutur es.jpg.
• 5. Figure 9.2. Vertebral markings and projections. Jmarchn. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:718\_Vertebra-en.svg#/media/File:718\_Vertebraen.svg
• 6. Figure 9.3. A medical illustration depicting the synovial joint. BruceBlaus. A medical illustration depicting the synovial joint. 2017. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Synovial\_Joint.png#/media/File:Synovial\_Joint.png.
• 7. Figure 9.4. Types of joints based upon their structure (L to R): Cartilaginous joint, Fibrous joint, and Synovial joint. www.scientificanimations.com. http://www.scientificanimations.com/wiki-images/. 2018. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Structural\_Classification\_of\_Joints.jpg#/media/File:S tructural\_Classification\_of\_Joints.jpg.
• 8. Figure 9.5 Cartilaginous joints. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:906\_Cartiliginous\_Joints.jpg#/media/File:906\_Cartili ginous\_Joints.jpg.
• 9. Figure 9.6. Examples of fibrous joints. (a. suture, b. syndesmosis, c. gomphosis). Open Stax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:904\_Fibrous\_Joints.jpg#/media/File:904\_Fibrous\_Joi nts.jpg.
• 10. Figure 9.7. Synovial joint. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:907\_Synovial\_Joints.jpg#/media/File:907\Synovial\ Joints.jpg
• 11. Figure 9.8. Synovial joint; medial aspect. Madhero88. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joint.svg#/media/File:Joint.svg.
• 12. Figure 9.9. Types of synovial joints. OpenStax College. Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:909\_Types\_of\_Synovial\Joints.jpg#/media/File:909\ Types\_of\_Synovial\_Joints.jpg.
• 13. Figure 9.10. Knee Joint. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:917\_Knee\_Joint.jpg#/media/File:917\_Knee\_Joint.jpg .
• 14. Figure 9.11. Synovial joint; gliding movement. OpenStax College. Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:909\_Types\_of\_Synovial\Joints.jpg#/media/File:909\ Types\_of\_Synovial\_Joints.jpg.
• 15. Figure 9.12 Angular movements of synovial joints; flexion and extension of the body appendages and the head. By Tonye Ogele CNX. http://cnx.org/content/m46398/latest/?collection=col11496/latest. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63388586.
• 16. Figure 9.13. Angular movements adduction, adduction, and circumduction. Tonye Ogele OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ab\_add\_and\_circumduction.jpg#/media/File:Ab\_add \_and\_circumduction.jpg.
• 17. Figure 9.14. Rotation of the head and neck, and lower limb. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotation\_CMX.jpg#/media/File:Rotation\_CMX.jpg.
• 18. Figure 9.15. special movements: protraction and retraction of the mandible, elevation and depression of the mandible, and opposition and reposition of the fingers. L. M. Biga, S. Dawson, A. Harwell, R. Hopkins, J. Kaufmann, M. LeMaster, P. Matern, K. Morrison-Graham, K. Oja, D. Quick & J. Runyeon and OSU OERU. OpenStax. Anatomy & Physiology. 2019. CC BY SA International. https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/.
• 19. Figure 9.16. Special movements: pronation and supination of the hand, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot, and inversion and eversion of the foot. L. M. Biga, S. Dawson, A. Harwell, R. Hopkins, J. Kaufmann, M. LeMaster, P. Matern, K. Morrison-Graham, K. Oja, D. Quick & J. Runyeon and OSU OERU. OpenStax. Anatomy & Physiology. 2019. CC BY SA International. https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/.
• 20. Figure 9.17. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 21. Figure 9.18. Anterior view of the right knee. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:917\_Knee\_Joint.jpg#/media/File:917\Knee\ Joint.jpg.
• 22. Figure 9.19. Superior view of the right knee. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:917\_Knee\_Joint.jpg#/media/File:917\Knee\ Joint.jpg.

24.7 Chapter 10:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 10.1. Skeletal muscle. Rama derivative by Raul. Public domain. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73744. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal\_muscle.jpg#/media/File:Skeletal\_muscle.jpg .
• 5. Figures 10.2 and 10.8. Skeletal muscle fiber. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0801\_SkeletalMuscle.png#/media/File:Blau
  • sen\_0801\_SkeletalMuscle.png. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29452230.
• 6. Figure 10.3. Unlabeled skeletal muscle. Jeremykemp. From en.wikipedia to Commons. 2005. Public Domain, http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module\_anatomy/images/illu\_muscle\_structure.jpg. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal\_muscle.png#/media/File:Skeletal\_muscle.p
• ng. 7. Figure 10.4. Labeled myofibril. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. 2016. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49885687., Modified by G. Mateja.
• 8. Figure 10.5. Three muscle types: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles. www.scientificanimations.com - http://www.scientificanimations.com/wiki-images/. 2018. CC BY-SA 4.0 International, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74697096.
• 9. Figure 10.6. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. By OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0 Unported, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30015032.
• 10. Figure 10.7. Connective tissue layers in a muscle. Laboratoires Servier. Smart Servier website: Images related to Tendon anatomy, Skeleton and bones and Bones. CC BY-SA 3.0 unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82702914. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tendon\anatomy\- \_Tendon\_Epimysium\_Fascicle\_Fiber\_Fibril\etc\–\_Smart-Servier\_(cropped).jpg#/media/File:Tendon\anatomy\- \_Tendon\_Epimysium\_Fascicle\_Fiber\_Fibril\etc\–\Smart-Servier\(cropped).jpg.
• 11. Figure 10.8. Skeletal muscle fiber. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29452230. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0801\_SkeletalMuscle.png.
• 12. Figure 10.9. Labeled myofibril. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49885687.
• 13. Figure 10.10. Sarcomere structure in the a) relaxed and b) contracted states. David Richfield. derivative work: Marek. Sarcomere.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15124276. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere\_diagram2.svg#/media/File:Sarcomere\_di agram2.svg.
• 14. Figure 10.11. The neuromuscular junction. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30015039. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1009\_Motor\_End\_Plate\_and\_Innervation.jpg#/media /File:1009\_Motor\_End\_Plate\_and\_Innervation.jpg.
• 15. Figure 10.12. A diagram of a sarcomere. SlothMcCarty. , 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7921353. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere\_diagram.svg#/media/File:Sarcomere\_dia gram.svg.
• 16. Figure 10.13. Skeletal muscle fibers. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 17. Figure 10.14. Skeletal muscle fibers 2. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.7.1 Chapter 11:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 11.1.: By roonb IMG_1547small, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3644666. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BodybuildingWoman.jpg.
• 5. Figure 11.2 a & b. Anterior and posterior views of the skeletal muscle system . By OpenStax - File:1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles.jpg, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65016436 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muscles;\_anterior\_view;\_unlabeled.png#/media/File: Muscles;\_anterior\_view;\_unlabeled.png
• 6. Figure 11.3. Head lateral anatomy, By Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, CC BY 2.5,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1498151
• 7. Figure 11.4. Head Anatomy, Anterior View, By Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1498032. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head\_ap\_anatomy.jpg.
• 8. Table 11.2. List of medical roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Wikipedia. CC BY- SA 4.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_medical\_roots,\_suffixes\_and\_prefixes#Roots\_of\_descript ion.
• 9. Figure 11.5 a & b. By OpenStax https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30015057. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1105\_Anterior\_and\_Posterior\_Views\_of\_Muscles.jpg #/media/File:1105\_Anterior\_and\_Posterior\_Views\_of\_Muscles.jpg
• 10. Figure 11.6. Illustration showing the muscles of the face and head. Legend: English from top: 1. Epicranial aponeurosis 2. Occipitofrontalis muscle (frontal belly) 3. Corrugator supercilii muscle 4. Orbicularis oculi muscle 5. Occipitofrontalis muscle (occipital belly) 6. Orbicularis oris muscle 7. Buccinator muscle Latin from top: 1. Galea aponeurotica 2. m. occipitofrontalis venter frontalis 3. m. corrugator supercilii 4. m. orbicularis oculi 5. m. occipitofrontalis venter occipitalis 6. m. orbicularis oris 7. m. buccinator. By CNX Anatomy 2013 - File:1106_Front_and_Side_Views_of_the_Muscles_of_Facial_Expressions.jpg&https://c nx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64231263. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1106\_Front\_and\_Side\_Views\_of\_the\_Muscles\_of\_F acial\_Expressions\_update.jpg#/media/File:1106\_Front\_and\_Side\_Views\_of\_the\_Muscles\_of \_Facial\_Expressions\_update.jpg
• 11. Figure 11.7. Muscles of the jaw. By OpenStax https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131682https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:1108\_Muscle\_that\_Move\_the\_Lower\_Jaw.jpg#/media/File:1108\_Muscle\_that\_Move \_the\_Lower\_Jaw.jpg
• 12. Figure 11.8. Caption: a, c) The muscles that move the humerus anteriorly are generally located on the anterior side of the body and originate from the sternum (e.g., pectoralis major) or the anterior side of the scapula (e.g., subscapularis). (b) The muscles that move the humerus superiorly generally originate from the superior surfaces of the scapula and/or the clavicle (e.g., deltoids). The muscles that move the humerus inferiorly generally originate from the middle or lower back (e.g., latissiumus dorsi). (d) The muscles that move the humerus posteriorly are generally located on the posterior side of the body and insert into the scapula (e.g., infraspinatus). URL: https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:qOq5t3Jz@4/Muscles-of-the-Pectoral-Girdle By OpenStax - https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131694. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus.jpg#/media /File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus.jpg
• 13. Figure 11.9. Muscles that stabilize the pectoral girdle make it a steady base on which other muscles can move the arm. Note that the pectoralis major and deltoid, which move the humerus, are cut here to show the deeper positioning muscles. URL: https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:qOq5t3Jz@4/Muscles-of-the-Pectoral-Girdle By OpenStax - https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131693. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1118\_Muscles\_that\_Position\_the\_Pectoral\_Girdle.jp g#/media/File:1118\_Muscles\_that\_Position\_the\_Pectoral\_Girdle.jpg
• 14. Figure 11.10. Muscles that Move the Forearm. By OpenStax https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131695 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1120\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Forearm.jpg#/media/ File:1120\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Forearm.jpg
• 15. Figure 11.11. muscles that stabilize the pectoral girdle. By OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291167. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1118\_Muscles\_that\_Position\_the\_Pectoral\_Girdle\_p osterior.png#/media/File:1118\_Muscles\_that\_Position\_the\_Pectoral\_Girdle\_posterior.png
• 16. Figure 11.12. Muscles of the anterior shoulder. By OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291168. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1118\_Muscles\_that\_Position\_the\_Pectoral\_Girdle\_a nterior.png#/media/File:1118\_Muscles\_that\_Position\_the\_Pectoral\_Girdle\_anterior.png.
• 17. Figure 11.13. By OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291144. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus\_d.png#/me dia/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus\_d.png
• 18. Figure 11.14. muscles that move the humerus BY OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291142 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus\_b.png#/me dia/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus\_b.png
• 19. Figure 11.15. Forearm muscles: palmer and dorsal aspects. Adapted from By OpenStax https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131695 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1120\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Forearm.jpg#/media/ File:1120\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Forearm.jpg
• 20. Figure 11.16. Anterior abdominal muscles include the medially located rectus abdominis, which is covered by a sheet of connective tissue called the rectus sheath. On the flanks of the body, medial to the rectus abdominis, the abdominal wall is composed of three layers. The external oblique muscles form the superficial layer, while the internal oblique muscles form the middle layer, and the transverses abdominus forms the deepest layer. (b) The muscles of the lower back move the lumbar spine but also assist in femur movements. URL: https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:b3YG6PIp@6/Axial-Muscles-of-the-Abdominal Other versions: By OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291130
• 21. Figure 11.17. muscles that move the humerus BY OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291142. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus\_b.png#/me dia/File:1119\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Humerus\_b.png
• 22. Figure 11.18. Erector Spinae Muscles. By Henry Vandyke Carter Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See “Book”; section below) Bartleby.com: Gray’s Anatomy, Plate 389, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32219581 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray389\_- \_Erector\spinae.png#/media/File:Gray389\-\_Erector\_spinae.png
• 23. Figure 11.19. Anterior hip muscles that move the femur URL: https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9\_gDy74@5/Appendicular-Muscles-of-the-Pe. By OpenStax College - https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291148. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1122\_Gluteal\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Femur\_a.pn g#/media/File:1122\_Gluteal\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Femur\_a.png
• 24. Figure 11.20. Lower extremity muscles with the Rectus femoris removed. Public Domain. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_lower\_extremity\_muscles.jpg#/media/File:Illu\_lo wer\_extremity\_muscles.jpg
• 25. Figure 11.21. Anterior Hip Muscles. By Beth Ohara Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=545389. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior\_Hip\_Muscles\2.PNG#/media/File:Anterior\ Hip\_Muscles\_2.PNG
• 26. Figure 11.22. Gluteal muscles of the upper leg. By OpenStax College https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.108:y9_gDy74@5, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64291151 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1122\_Gluteal\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Femur\_c.pn g#/media/File:1122\_Gluteal\_Muscles\_that\_Move\_the\_Femur\_c.png
• 27. Figure 11.23. Muscles of the lower leg. By OpenStax https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131701. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1123\_Muscles\_of\_the\_Leg\_that\_Move\_the\_Foot\_an d\_Toes.jpg#/media/File:1123\_Muscles\_of\_the\_Leg\_that\_Move\_the\_Foot\_and\_Toes.jpg
• 28. Figure 11.24. Back Muscles. By henry Vandyke Carter Lumbar_triangle. derivative work: Rafael Di Marco Barros - Lumbar_triangle.PNG, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9719806. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Back\_Muscles.jpg#/media/File:Back\_Muscles.jpg. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and are as where the copyright term is the author’s life plus 100 years or fewer.
• 29. Figure 11.25. Front_and_Side_Views_of_the_Muscles_of_Facial_Expressions. By CNX Anatomy 2013. CC BY 4.0,. File:1106_Front_and_Side_Views_of_the_Muscles_of_Facial_Expressions.jpg&https://c nx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64231265. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1106_Front_and_Side_Views_of_the_Muscles_of_F acial_Expressions_numbered.jpg#/media/File:1106_Front_and_Side_Views_of_the_Muscles _of_Facial_Expressions_numbered.jpg
• 30. Figure 11.26. Muscles front and back. By OpenStax & Tomáš Kebert & umimeto.org - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=94071041. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muscles\_front\_and\_back.svg#/media/File:Muscles\_fr ont\_and\_back.svg
• 31. Figure 11.27. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 32. Figure 11.28. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 33. Figure 11.29. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 34. Figure 11.30. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.7.2 Chapter 12:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”) August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 12.1. Diagram of the Neuron. Jennifer Walinga. 17 October 2014. https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/3-1-the-neuron-is-the-building-blockof-the-nervous-system/. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Components\_of\_neuron.jpg#/media/File:Component s\_of\_neuron.jpg.
• 5. Figure 12.2. Structures of the neuron. LadyofHats. 12 July 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Complete\_neuron\_cell\_diagram\_numbered.svg#/me dia/File:Complete\_neuron\_cell\_diagram\_numbered.svg.
• 6. Figure 12.3. Neuron Classification Based on Shape. OpenStax. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. May 18, 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1207\_Neuron\_Shape\_Classification.jpg#/media/File: 1207\_Neuron\_Shape\_Classification.jpg.
• 7. Figure 12.4. Structures of the neuron. LadyofHats. 12 July 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Complete\_neuron\_cell\_diagram\_en.svg#/media/File: Complete\_neuron\_cell\_diagram\_en.svg.
• 8. Figure 12.5. Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1210\_Glial\_Cells\_of\_the\_PNS.jpg#/media/File:1210 \_Glial\_Cells\_of\_the\_PNS.jpg.
• 9. Figure 12.6 Neuroglia of the CNS. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. 1209 Glial Cells of the CNS-02.jpg. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1209\_Glial\_Cells\_of\_the\_CNS-02.jpg#/media/File:1209\_Glial\_Cells\_of\_the\_CNS-02.jpg.
• 10. Figure 12.7. Cross section of the spinal cord. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1313\_Spinal\_Cord\_Cross\_Section.jpg#/media/File:1 313\_Spinal\_Cord\_Cross\_Section.jpg.
• 11. Figure 12.8. Spinal cord components. Tomáš Kebert & umimeto.org 2020. CC BY SA International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_spinal\_cord\_svg.svg#/media/File:Human\_sp inal\_cord\_svg.svg.
• 12. Figure 12.9. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 13. Figure 12.10. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.7.3 Chapter 13:

• 1. Robinson, Julie, DC, “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). License CC BY 4.0
• 2. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. R. Michael Anson: “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”. August 2005, First edition. License CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 13.1. Diagram of the Nervous System. The original uploader was Fuzzform. 9 September 2008. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NSdiagram.png#/media/File:NSdiagram.png.
• 5. Figure 13.2. Diagram of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Benevolent. 26 July 2014. Human Nervous System diagram.svg. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_Nervous\_System\_diagram.svg#/media/File: Human\_Nervous\_System\_diagram.svg.
• 6. Figure 13.3. Unlabeled spinal cord cross section. Polarlys.. June 3rd, 2006. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medulla\spinalis\-\Section\- \_number.svg#/media/File:Medulla\spinalis\-\Section\-\_number.svg.
• 7. Figure 13.4. .Meninges and structures of the spinal cord. By Tomáš Kebert & umimento.org. 13 September 2020. CCBY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_spinal\_cord\_svg.svg#/media/File:Human\_sp inal\_cord\_svg.svg.
• 8. Figure 13.5. The human brain. ErMED14. Human+Brain.png. 21 January 2022. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain\_lobes\_and\_regions\_with\_labels.png#/media/Fi le:Brain\_lobes\_and\_regions\_with\_labels.png.
• 9. Figure 13.6. .Meninges of the Brain. Jmarchn. 3 May 2016. CC SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meninges-multilingual.svg#/media/File:Meningesmultilingual.svg.
• 10. Figure 13.7. The Mid-sagittal section of the brain. DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS).https://doi.org/10.7875/togopic.2021.023 . 1 February 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:202102\_Midsagittal\_plane\_of\_the\_brain.svg#/media/File:202102\_Mid-sagittal\_plane\_of\_the\_brain.svg.
• 11. Figure 13.8. . Diagram of the Cerebrum. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 18 May 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1305\_CerebrumN.jpg#/media/File:1305\_CerebrumN.
• jpg. 12. Figure 13.9. Lobes of Cerebral Cortex. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30147949. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1306\_Lobes\_of\_Cerebral\_CortexN.jpg#/media/File:1 306\_Lobes\_of\_Cerebral\_CortexN.jpg
• 13. Figure 13.10 . White and Gray Matter in a Human Brain. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 18 May 2016. CC BY 4.0 International.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1202\_White\_and\_Gray\_Matter.jpg#/media/File:1202 \_White\_and\_Gray\_Matter.jpg.
• 14. Figure 13.11 . Cortical areas OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1604\_Types\_of\_Cortical\_Areas-02.jpg#/media/File:1604\_Types\_of\_Cortical\_Areas-02.jpg.
• 15. Figure 13.12 . The diencephalon; OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface 18 May 2016 CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1310\_Diencephalon.jpg#/media/File:1310\_Dienceph alon.jpg.
• 16. Figure 13.13 . Human brain left midsagittal view closeup John A Beal. http://www.healcentral.org/healapp/showMetadata?metadataId=40566 (Internet Archive of file description page). 30 November 2005. CC BY 2.5 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_brain\_left\_midsagitttal\_view\_closeup\_descri ption\_2.JPG#/media/File:Human\_brain\_left\_midsagitttal\_view\_closeup\_description\_2.JPG.
• 17. Figure 13.14 . Cerebellum. By OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. May 18, 2016, https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1312\_CerebellumN.jpg#/media/File:1312\_Cerebellu mN.jpg.
• 18. Figure 13.15. Brain stem. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 18 May 2016. CC BY4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1311\_Brain\_Stem.jpg#/media/File:1311\_Brain\_Stem .jpg.
• 19. Figure 13.16. The Human Brain Midsagittal Cut. John A Beal, http://www.healcentral.org/healapp/showMetadata?metadataId=40566. 30 November 2005. CC BY 2.5 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_brain\_midsagittal\_cut\_description.JPG#/me dia/File:Human\_brain\_midsagittal\_cut\_description.JPG.
• 20. Figure 13.17. Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 18 May 2016. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1317\_CFS\_Circulation.jpg#/media/File:1317\_CFS\_C irculation.jpg.
• 21. Figure 13.18. Meningeal Layers including the Felix cerebri. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface. 18 May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1316\_Meningeal\_LayersN.jpg#/media/File:1316\_Me ningeal\_LayersN.jpg. CC BY 4.0 International
• 22. Figure 13.19 The Tentorium Cerebelli. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss\_module00\_bbt/unit02\_sec04\_c\_brain.html. 17 May 2006. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_tentorium.jpg#/media/File:Illu\_tentorium.jpg.
• 23. Figure 13.20. Human Cranial Nerves. Patrick J. Lynch. 23 December 2006. CC BY 2.5 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain\_human\_cranial\nerves.svg#/media/File:Brain\ human\_cranial\_nerves.svg.
• 24. Figure 13.21. Organization of the Spinal Cord; cross section. BruceBlaus. 26 January 2016. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinal\_Cord\_Sectional\_Anatomy.png#/media/File:S pinal\_Cord\_Sectional\_Anatomy.png.
• 25. Figure 13.22. Spinal Cord Cross Section. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. May 18, 2016. CC BY.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1313\_Spinal\_Cord\_Cross\_Section.jpg#/media/File:1 313\_Spinal\_Cord\_Cross\_Section.jpg.
• 26. Figure 13.23. Cauda equina and Conus medullaris posterior view, with cauda equina pointed out. Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body. Gray662.png. public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray662Cauda.png#/media/File:Gray662Cauda.png.
• 27. Figure 13.24. This image is of a human Cauda Equina, anterior view. The numbers depicted identify three regions below the spinal cord: #1 Conus medullaris, #2 Filum terminale, and #3 Cauda Equina. By Clwoods. CES Anatomy1.jpg. May 23, 2013. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CES\_Anatomy1.jpg#/media/File:CES\_Anatomy1.jpg.
• 28. Figure 13.25. The meninges of the spinal cord. Mysid. Gray’s Anatomy, plate 770. 1918, public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray770 en.svg#/media/File:Gray770-en.svg.
• 29. Figure 13.26. Spinal Cord Cross Section, YVC Biology Department 7 December 2020. CC BY 2.0 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinal\_Cord\_Cross\Section\(50693709457).jpg#/m edia/File:Spinal\_Cord\_Cross\Section\(50693709457).jpg.
• 30. Figure 13.27. Dissected Sheep brain. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 31. Figure 13.28. Sheep Brain. Opening longitudinal fissure. aaronbflickr. Sheep Brain Dissection 2 - black background.png. 2 January 2014. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep\_Brain\_Dissection\2\- \_black\_background\_with\_labels.png#/media/File:Sheep\_Brain\_Dissection\2\- \_black\_background\_with\_labels.png. .
• 32. Figure 13.29. Cranial nerves of the Sheep.. Thomas Fletcherhttp://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/grossbrain/Pages/CranNPgs/CranNShp.html.. 15 February 2014. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cranial\_nerve\_sheep\_ventral.png#/media/File:Crani al\_nerve\_sheep\_ventral.png.
• 33. Figure 13.30. Dissected Sheep brain. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 34. Figure 13.31. Dissected Sheep Brain. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 13. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biologytextbooks/13 ; License CC BY 4.0. http://www.healcentral.org/healapp/showMetadata?metadataId=40566 (Internet Archive of file description page). 30 November 2005. CC BY 2.5 Generic.
• 35. Figure 13.32. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 36. Figure 13.33. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 37. Figure 13.34. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 38. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_brain\_left\_midsagitttal\_view\_closeup\_descri ption\_2.JPG#/media/File:Human\_brain\_left\_midsagitttal\_view\_closeup\_description\_2.JPG.
• 39. Figure 13.35 Human Brain Left (Mid-Sagittal View, Closeup). Human Brain Left (Mid-Sagittal View, Closeup).John A Beal, PhD, Depart.of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep\_Brain\_Cross\Section\(50693620186).jpg#/m edia/File:Sheep\_Brain\_Cross\Section\(50693620186).jpg.
• 40. Figure 13.36. Sagittal section of the human brain, midsagittal section. By Lsanabria. Encephalon human sagittal section multilingual.svg. 23 January 2016. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\brain\- \_Sagittal\_section.svg#/media/File:Human\brain\-\_Sagittal\_section.svg.
• 41. Figure 13.37 . Sheep Brain Cross Section. By YVC Biology Department Sheep Brain Cross Section. . CC BY 7 December 2020. CC BY 2.0 Generic.
• 42. Figure 13.38 . Unlabeled meninges. Jmarchn. Meninges-multilingual.svg. May 3, 2016. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meningesmultilingual.svg#/media/File:Meninges-multilingual.svg.
• 43. Figure 13.39 . The inferior colliculus (red dot) in a human brain. Graziano M. Graziano M (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Front Young Minds. 2:4. doi: 10.3389/frym.2014.00004 http://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2014.00004. 24 April 2014. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inferior\colliculus\- \_sagittal\_cut.jpg#/media/File:Inferior\colliculus\-\_sagittal\_cut.jpg.
• 44. Figure 13.40. Spinal Cord Cross Section. By Tomáš Kebert & umimeto.org Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=94075350. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_spinal\_cord\_svg.svg.
• 45. Figure 13.41. Diagram of the human midbrain. Svenskbygderna. 21 November 2019. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blank\_Diagram\_of\_the\_Human\_Cerebellum.svg#/m edia/File:Blank\_Diagram\_of\_the\_Human\_Cerebellum.svg.
• 46. Figure 13.42. Left lateral brain. Mike Birkhead. Brain Lateral Left.png. January 5, 2015. CC BY SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain\_- \_Lateral\Left.png#/media/File:Brain\-\_Lateral\_Left.png.
• 47. Figure 13.43. Spinal cord section. Polarlys. June 3rd, 2006. CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1476281 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medulla\spinalis\-\Section\- \_English.svg#/media/File:Medulla\spinalis\-\Section\-\_English.svg

24.7.4 Chapter 14:

• 13. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, License CC BY 4.0
• 14. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 15. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”) August 2005, First edition. R. Michael Anson: License CC BY 3.0
• 16. Figure 14.1. Diagram of the Ear. Tom David https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15388869. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing\_of\_the\_anatomy\_of\_the\_ear.jpg#/media/Fil e:Drawing\_of\_the\_anatomy\_of\_the\_ear. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing_of_the_anatomy_of_the_ear.jpg#/media/Fil e:Drawing_of_the_anatomy_of_the_ear.jpg Anatomy of the ear: (1) Pinna / Auricula, (2) External auditory meatus, (3) Tympanic membrane, (4) Malleus, (5) Incus, (6) Stapes, (7) Oval Window, (8) Cochlea, (9) Scala vestibuli, (10) Scala tympani, (11) Round window (12) Cochlear Duct, (13) Eustachian Tube (14) Semicircular Canals.
• 17. Figure 14.2. The Bony Labyrinth-unlabeled. Mouagip. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15023796. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bony\_labyrinth.svg#/media/File:Bony\_labyrinth.svg.
• 18. Figure 14.3. The Cochlea-unlabeled. OpenStax. https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30147994. CC BY 4.0 International. Cropped and labels removed.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1406\_Cochlea.jpg#/media/File:1406\_Cochlea.jpg
• 19. Figure 14.4. Schematic diagram of anterior segment of human eye (horizontal section of the right eye). By Jmarchn. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7854716. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic\_diagram\_of\_anterior\_segment\_human\_e ye.svg#/media/File:Schematic\_diagram\_of\_anterior\_segment\_human\_eye.svg
  • Key: 1. Lens, 2. ciliary zone, 3. Posterior chamber and 4. Anterior chamber with 5. Aqueous humor flow; 6. Pupil, 7. Cornea and sclera with 8. Cornea, 11. Sclera; 12. Conjunctiva, 13. Uvea with 14. Iris, and 15. Ciliary body.
• 20. Figure 14.5. Labelled diagram of the human eye. Jmarchn. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97114926. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34771249. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple\_diagram\_of\_human\_eye\_multilingual.svg#/m edia/File:Simple\_diagram\_of\_human\_eye\_multilingual.svg
• 21. Figure 14.6. Anatomy of the Ear and Location of the Mastoid Bone. By BruceBlaus Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60114085. Modified by G. Mateja. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ear\_Anatomy\_and\_Mastoid\_Bone.png#/media/File: Ear\_Anatomy\_and\_Mastoid\_Bone.png
• 22. Figure 14.7. The Middle Ear. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0 Unported, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29025010. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0330\_EarAnatomy\_MiddleEar.png#/media/ File:Blausen\_0330\_EarAnatomy\_MiddleEar.png
• 23. Figure 14.8. The Inner Ear. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0 Unported, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29025011. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0329\_EarAnatomy\_InternalEar.png#/media /File:Blausen\_0329\_EarAnatomy\_InternalEar.png The outer ear receives sound, transmitted through the ossicles of the middle ear to the inner ear, where it is converted to a nervous signal in the cochlear and transmitted along the vestibulocochlear nerve.
• 24. Figure 14.9 . The Cochlea. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. 2016.https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30147994. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1406\_Cochlea.jpg#/media/File:1406\_Cochlea.jpg
• 25. Figure 14.10. Structure of the Eye. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148000. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1413\_Structure\_of\_the\_Eye.jpg#/media/File:1413\_St ructure\_of\_the\_Eye.jpg. Modified by G. Mateja
• 26. Figure 14.11. Macula Lutea. Häggström, Mikael (2014). “Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. CC0 1.0 (Public Domain). https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18776091. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fundus\_photograph\_of\_normal\_right\_eye.jpg#/medi a/File:Fundus\_photograph\_of\_normal\_right\_eye.jpg.
• 27. Figure 14.12. Rods and Cones. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148002. CC BY 3.0 Unported,. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1414\_Rods\_and\_Cones.jpg#/media/File:1414\_Rods \_and\_Cones.jpg,
• 28. Figure 14.13. Retinal photoreceptors. Blume, C., Garbazza, C. and Spitschan, M. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep, and mood. Somnologie 23, 147–156 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x, CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Overview\_of\_the\_retina\photoreceptors\(a).png#/m edia/File:Overview\_of\_the\_retina\photoreceptors\(a).png.
• 29. Figure 14.14. The Accessory Structures of the Eye. CNX OpenStax. OpenStax Microbiology. https://cnx.org/contents/5CvTdmJL@4.4, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53728100. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OSC\_Microbio\_21\_01\_lacrimapp.jpg#/media/File:OS C\_Microbio\_21\_01\_lacrimapp.jpg
• 30. Figure 14.15. External Muscles of the Eye. OpenStax. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30131681. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1107\_The\_Extrinsic\_Eye\_Muscles.jpg#/media/File:1 107\_The\_Extrinsic\_Eye\_Muscles.jpg
• 31. Figure 14.16. The cow eye being dissected on a paper towel. By Biologycorner.com CC by 4.0 International. https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/cow\_eye\_dissection.html.
• 32. Figure 14.17. Dissected cow eye showing internal structures. By Biologycorner.com CC by 4.0 International. https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/cow\_eye\_dissection.html.
• 33. Figure 14.18. Dissected cow eye internal structures. By Biologycorner.com CC by 4.0 International. https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/cow\_eye\_dissection.html.
• 34. Figure 14.19. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 35. Figure 14.20. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 36. Figure 14.21. Eyeball diagram-unlabeled. Chris Sullivan. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83021289. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye-Diagram-Cartoon-Eyeball-2019\_03.jpg#/media/File:Eye-Diagram-Cartoon-Eyeball-2019\_03.jpg
• 37. Figure 14.22. Eyeball diagram key. Chris Sullivan. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83021291. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye-Diagram-Cartoon-Eyeball-2019\_04.jpg#/media/File:Eye-Diagram-Cartoon-Eyeball-2019\_04.jpg
• 38. Figure 22.23. Eyeball diagram-labeled. Chris Sullivan. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic\_diagram\_of\_the\_human\_eye\_en.svg#/m edia/File:Schematic\_diagram\_of\_the\_human\_eye\_en.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1597930. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported.

24.7.5 Chapter 15:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,; https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13 CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 1”. August 2005, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0
• 4. 15.1. Human Endocrine System with Labels. OpenStax & Tomáš Kebert & umimeto.org Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95250832. CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine\_English.svg#/media/File:Endocrine\_Engli sh.svg.
• 5. Figure 15.2. The endocrine system-CNS associated. LadyofHats modified by G. Mateja. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11541118. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine\_central\_nervous\_en.svg#/media/File:End ocrine\_central\_nervous\_en.svg
• 6. Figure 15.3. Endocrine system illustration. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=266176. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_endocrine_system.png#/media/File:Illu_endocrin e_system.png.
  • a. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code
• 7. Figure 15.4. Histology of the thyroid gland. By M-J-G Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41214259. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histology\_thyroid\_gland.jpg#/media/File:Histology\_th yroid\_gland.jpg
• 8. Figure 15.5. The endocrine system-CNS associated. LadyofHats own work based on the information found on the Wikipedia article, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11541118. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine\_central\_nervous\_en.svg#/media/File:End Endocrine\_central\_nervous\_en.svg
• 1. Key: 1) Colloid, 2) Follicular Cell; simple cuboidal epithelium, Arrow) Parafollicular Cell (C-Cell).
• 9. Figure 15.6. The Hypothalamus Pituitary Complex. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148141. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1806_The_Hypothalamus- Pituitary_Complex.jpg#/media/File:1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg
• 10. Figure 15.7. Pituitary gland diagram. Bnulrich Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92831558. CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pituitary\_Gland.png#/media/File:Pituitary\_Gland.png .
• 11. Figure 15.8. Pituitary. George Mateja 2011
• 12. Figure 15.9. The Anterior Pituitary Complex. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148144. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg#/media/Fi le:1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg
• 13. Figure 15.10. Hormones of the Pituitary complex. Hormones of the Pituitary Complex, anterior section. OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. Jun 19, 2013. Modified by G.Mateja. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148147. CC BY 3.0., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1810_Major_Pituitary_Hormones.jpg#/media/File:18
• 10_Major_Pituitary_Hormones.jpg 14. 15.11. The Posterior Pituitary. OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/ , Jun 19, 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148142. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1807\_The\_Posterior\_Pituitary\_Complex.jpg#/media/ File:1807\_The\_Posterior\_Pituitary\_Complex.jpg.
• 15. Figure 15.12. Hormones of the pituitary complex, posterior section. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, modified by G.Mateja. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148147.
• 16. Figure 15.13. Mid-sagittal section of the Human Brain; Pituitary and Pineal glands. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=378938. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_pituitary\_pineal\_glands.jpg#/media/File:Illu\_pituit ary\_pineal\_glands.jpg
  • 1. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• 17. Figure 15.14. Coronal Dissection of the Human Brain. Anatomist90 Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19132822. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slide4ff.JPG#/media/File:Slide4ff.JPG
• 18. Figure 15.15 Thyroid and parathyroid glands in color. By BodyParts3D is made by DBCLS Polygondata is from BodyParts3D, CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39109055. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39109055.
• 19. Figure 15.16. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148148. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1811\_The\_Thyroid\_Gland.jpg#/media/File:1811\_The \_Thyroid\_Gland.jpg
• 20. Figure 15.17. Parathyroid glands. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148151. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1814\_The\_Parathyroid\_Glands.jpg#/media/File:1814 \_The\_Parathyroid\_Glands.jpg.
• 21. Figure 15.18. Photomicrograph of Thyroid and parathyroid. George Mateja 2011
• 22. Figure 15.19. The Pancreas. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148155. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1820\_The\_Pancreas.jpg#/media/File:1820\_The\_Pan creas.jpg
• 23. Figure 15.20. Adrenal Glands. EEOC cancer.gov, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1394171. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_adrenal\_gland.jpg#/media/File:Illu\_adrenal\_glan d.jpgThis work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• 24. Figure 15.21. Depiction of the adrenal gland. By Antinksčio sandara.png Author: EdgarasLe https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antinks%C4%8Dio_sandara_esp.png, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=127157804. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adrenal\_Gland\detail\- \_English.png#/media/File:Adrenal\_Gland\detail\-\_English.png
• 25. Figure 15.22. Digital camera shot though a microscope, human adrenal gland. Jpogi File:Adrenal_gland_(cortex).JPG, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37838551. CC0, Label and highlight added https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adrenal\_cortex\_labelled.jpg#/media/File:Adrenal\_cor tex\_labelled.jpg
• 26. Figure 15.23. The testes. By US gov. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/endocrine/glands/gonads.html, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35172099. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Testis\_nih.jpg#/media/File:Testis\_nih.jpg.
  • 1. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• 27. Figure 15.24. The Reproductive System-Female. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.27:189, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148640CC BY 3.0,. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_02\_06.JPG#/media/File:Figure\_2 8\_02\_06.JPG.
• 28. Figure 15.25. List of the hormones found in the endocrine glandes on the reproductive system. By LadyofHats - made myself based on the information found on the Wikipedia article, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11545730. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine\_reproductive\_system\_en.svg#/media/File: Endocrine\_reproductive\_system\_en.svg
• 29. 15.26. The pituitary: a) anterior pituitary and b) the posterior pituitary. George Mateja 2011.
• 30. Figure 15.27. Micrograph of Thyroid and parathyroid. George Mateja 2011
• 31. Figure 15.28. Microphotograph of pancreas section. By Organização Morfofuncional e Desenvolvimento Humano - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76502884. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76502884.
• 32. Figure 15.29. Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas. cross section: human pancreas magnification: 200x, hematoxylin eosin stain. By Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library - Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81008680. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine\_and\_Exocrine\Pancreas\(47673153352) .jpg#/media/File:Endocrine\_and\_Exocrine\Pancreas\(47673153352).jpg.
• 33. Figure 15.30. Unlabeled Endocrine System. OpenStax & Tomáš Kebert & umimeto.org Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=94071276. CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_endocrine\male\%26\_female\_svg\_no\_label s.svg#/media/File:Human\_endocrine\male\&\_female\_svg\_no\_labels.svg.
• 34. Figure 15.31. Section of a thyroid gland under the microscope. Uwe Gille Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=555301 CC BY-SA 3.0, 6 February 2015 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thyroid-histology.jpg#/media/File:Thyroidhistology.jpg.
  • 1. Key:1 colloid, 2 follicular cells, 3 parafollicular cells
• 35. Figure 15.32. Crossword of the pituitary. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 36. Figure 15.33. Crossword of the endocrine hormones. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 37. Figure 15.34. Labeled Endocrine System. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=378935. Public Domain, https://commons.wkimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_endocrine\_system.jpg#/media/File:Illu\_endocrine \_system.jpg.
  • 1. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code

24.7.6 Chapter 16:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, License CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2005, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 16.1. No machine-readable author provided. Ekko assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart\_frontally\_PDA.jpg. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=585148
• 5. Figure 16.2. Diagram of the Human Heart. MesserWoland Own work based on: Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg by Yaddah and Image by Yaddah), https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1399394. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram\_of\_the\_human\heart\(multilingual).svg#/m edia/File:Diagram\_of\_the\_human\heart\(multilingual).svg
• 6. Figure 16.3. Electrical conduction system of the heart: Madhero88. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10198089. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConductionsystemoftheheartwithoutHeart.svg#/medi a/File:ConductionsystemoftheheartwithoutHeart.svg
• 7. Figure 16.4. Histology of muscle tissues. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30015032. CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac.jpg#/media/File:414_ Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac.jpg
• 8. Figure 16.5. Blood Formed Elements. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29452228. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png#/media/File:B lausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png
• 9. Figure 16.6. Circulations systems of the Heart. Lennert B File:Blutkreislauf_Gleichwarme.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110082178. CC BY CC0. Circulatory systems added. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Warmblooded\_Circulation.png#/media/File:Warm-blooded\_Circulation.png
• 10. Figure 16.7. The Heart Wall. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014” :WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28761820. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0470\HeartWall.png#/media/File:Blausen\ 0470\_HeartWall.png.
• 11. Figure 16.8. Internal Anatomy of the Heart. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148201. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg#/media/ File:2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg
• 12. Figure 16.9. Ligamentum arteriosum on the Dog Heart. Uwe Gille Own work, 28 September 2006.https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1222689. CC BY 2.5, enhancement and structure title. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog\_heart\_2.jpg#/media/File:Dog\_heart\_2.j pg
• 13. Figure 16.10. Coronary Arteries. BruceBlaus Own work, 22 October 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29140356. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0256\_CoronaryArteries\_02.png#/m edia/File:Blausen\_0256\_CoronaryArteries\_02.png
• 14. Figure 16.11. Posterior Coronary Circulation. Blausen.com staff (2014). :Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”,. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29140360. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0261\_CoronaryVessels\_Posterior. png#/media/File:Blausen\_0261\_CoronaryVessels\_Posterior.png.
• 15. Figure 16.12. Electrical Conduction System of the Heart. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148214. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018\_Conduction\_System\_of\_Heart.jpg#/m
• 16. Figure 16.13. Sheep heart anterior view. brittgow Sheep’s heart ready for dissection, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110383149. 7 May 2010. CC BY 2.0,
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep%27s\_heart\_ready\_for\dissection\(4 782577484).jpg#/media/File:Sheep’s\_heart\_ready\_for\dissection\(4782577484).jpg
• 17. Figure 16.14. Anterior aspect of the sheep heart. Shannon Muskopf. CC BY NC SA 4.0 International. https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/heart\_dissection.html.
• 18. Figure 16.15. Dissected sheep heart. BY Shannon Muskopf. http://anatomycorner.com/main/image-gallery/sheep-heart/bicuspid\_valve\_labeled/. Conduction\_System\_of\_Heart.jpg
• 19. Figure 16.16. Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148206. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2010\_Chordae\_Tendinae\_Papillary\_Muscles.jpg#/m edia/File:2010\_Chordae\_Tendinae\_Papillary\_Muscles.jpg.
• 20. Figure 16.17. Cardiac (ventricular) systole: BruceBlaus Own work, 5 November 2015. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44805579. CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Systolevs\_Diastole.png#/media/File:Systolevs\_Diast ole.png
• 21. Figure 16.18. Cardiac (ventricular) systole: Both AV valves close due to backpressure as the ventricles contract. Their blood volumes are ejected through the newly-opened semilunar valves (pulmonary valve and aortic valve) into the pulmonary trunk and aorta respectively. By Wapcaplet, Reytan, Mtcv - Image:Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4158464. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart\_systole.svg#/media/File:Heart\_systole.svg
• 22. Figure 16.19. Cardiac diastole. Wapcaplet, Reytan Vector: Sjef Own work based on: Heart diastole.png and Heart systole.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4470407. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart\_diasystole.svg#/media/File:Heart\_diasystole.s vg
• 23. Figure 16.20. Cardiac Cycle. DrJanaOfficial Own work: Cardiac Cycle, Wiggers diagram derived from Xavax, 23 December 2016 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54393545. CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiac-Cycle-Animated.gif#/media/File:Cardiac-Cycle-Animated.gif.
• 24. Figure 16.21. Electrocardiogram. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148228. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg#/me dia/File:2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg
• 25. Figure 16.22. Cardiac Cycle Phases. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.,
  • 1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148227. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2027\_Phases\_of\_the\_Cardiac\_Cycle.jpg#/m edia/File:2027\_Phases\_of\_the\_Cardiac\_Cycle.jpg
  • By Wapcaplet. EN Wikipedia (slightly edited by Stanisław Skowron), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=784427
• 26. Figure 16.23. The heart unlabeled. By Wapcaplet. EN Wikipedia (slightly edited by Stanisław Skowron), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=784427. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart\_numlabels.svg.
• 27. Figure 16.24. Electrical system of the heart, unlabeled. By J. Heuser self-made, based upon Image:Heart anterior view coronal section.jpg by Patrick J. Lynch (Patrick J. Lynch; illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe; MD; cardiologist Yale University Center for Advanced Instructional Media ), CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1734607. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RLS\_12blauLeg.png.
• 28. Figure 16.25: Structure of the heart 3. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 29. Figure 16.26: Cardiovascular system and the heart. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 30. Figure 16.27: Structures of the heart 2. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.8 Chapter 17:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2015, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 17.1. The Systemic Blood Vessels. LadyofHats, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6698231., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory\_System\en.svg#/media/File:Circulatory\ System\_en.svg
• 5. Figure 17.2. Microanatomy of the blood vessels. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148242. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2102\_Comparison\_of\_Artery\_and\_Vein.jpg#/media/ File:2102\_Comparison\_of\_Artery\_and\_Vein.jpg
• 6. Figure 17.3. The Major Systemic Arteries. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148270. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2120_Major_Systemic_Artery.jpg#/media/File:2120_ Major_Systemic_Artery.jpg
• 7. Figure 17.4. Major arteries of the Head. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0,. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2122_Common_Carotid_Artery.jpg#/media/File:2122 _Common_Carotid_Artery.jpg
• 8. Figure 17.5. Arteries of the upper limbs. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148280. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2127\_Thoracic\_Upper\_Limb\_Arteries.jpg#/media/Fil e:2127\_Thoracic\_Upper\_Limb\_Arteries.jpg
• 9. Figure 17.6. Arteries of the Thoracic and Abdominal regions. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148275. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2124_Thoracic_Abdominal_Arteries.jpg#/media/File: 2124_Thoracic_Abdominal_Arteries.jpg.
• 10. Figure 17.7. Arteries of the Lower limbs. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148282. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2129ab\_Lower\_Limb\_Arteries\_Anterior\_Posterior.jp g#/media/File:2129ab\_Lower\_Limb\_Arteries\_Anterior\_Posterior.jpg.
• 11. Figure 17.8. The Major Systemic Veins. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148286. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2131\_Major\_Systematic\_Veins.jpg#/media/File:2131 \_Major\_Systematic\_Veins.jpg
• 12. Figure 17.9. Veins of the Head and Neck Regions. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148289. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2133\_Head\_and\_Neck\Veins.jpg#/media/File:2133\ Head\_and\_Neck\_Veins.jpg
• 13. Figure 17.10. Veins of the Upper Limbs. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148290. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2134\_Thoracic\_Upper\_Limb\_Veins.jpg#/media/File: 2134\_Thoracic\_Upper\_Limb\_Veins.jpg
• 14. Figure 17.11. Veins of the Thorax and Abdomen. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148288. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2132_Thoracic_Abdominal_Veins.jpg#/media/File:21 32_Thoracic_Abdominal_Veins.jpg
• 15. Figure 17.12. Veins of the Lower Limbs. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148292. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2136ab\_Lower\_Limb\_Veins\_Anterior\_Posterior.jpg#/ media/File:2136ab\_Lower\_Limb\_Veins\_Anterior\_Posterior.jpg
• 16. Figure 17.13 Fetal circulatory system. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148606. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2916\_Fetal\_Circulatory\_System-02.jpg#/media/File:2916\_Fetal\_Circulatory\_System-02.jpg
• 17. Figure 17.14 Fetal circulation. OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148296. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2139\_Fetal\_Circulation.jpg#/media/File:2139\Fetal\ Circulation.jpg.
• 18. Figure 17.15. Arteries of the head and neck. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148281. CC BY 3.0, Derivative based on Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). by G. Mateja. June 10, 2023. . https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2128\_Thoracic\_Upper\_Limb\_Arteries\_Chart.jpg#/me dia/File:2128\_Thoracic\_Upper\_Limb\_Arteries\_Chart.jpg
• 19. Figure 17.16. Arteries of the Thorax and Abdomen. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148284. Derivative based on Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. CC BY 4.0, and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2130\_Lower\_Limb\_Arteries\_Chart.jpg#/media/File:2 130\_Lower\_Limb\_Arteries\_Chart.jpg
• 20. Figure 17.17. The veins of the head and neck. BY G. Mateja. based on June 10, 2023. Based on: Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0, and OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. CC BY 3.0.
• 21. Figure 17.18. Veins of the Thorax and Abdomen. OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148297. CC BY 3.0, Derivative by G. Mateja. (June 10, 2023) based on: Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob, “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; License CC BY 4.0, and By
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2140\_FlowChart\_Veins\_into\_VenaCava.jpg#/media/ File:2140\_FlowChart\_Veins\_into\_VenaCava.jpg
• 22. Figure 27.19. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 23. Figure 17.20. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.9 Chapter 18:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2015, Second edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 18.1. Lymphatic System Female. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.
• 5. Figure 18.2. Unlabeled lymph node. Chris Sullivan. Own work 11 October 2019. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphatic\_immune\_system\_lymph\_node3- CROPPED.jpg#/media/File:Lymphatic\_immune\_system\_lymph\_node3-CROPPED.jpg.
• 6. Figure 18.3. Drainage pattern of the Lymphatic System. Cancer Research UK. 30 July 2014 (released by CRUK). CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram\_showing\_the\_parts\_of\_the\_body\_the\_l ymphatic\_and\_thoracic\_ducts\_drain\_CRUK\_323.svg#/media/File:Diagram\_showing\_the \_parts\_of\_the\_body\_the\_lymphatic\_and\_thoracic\_ducts\_drain\_CRUK\_323.svg.
• 7. Figure 18.4. Lymphatic System Anatomy. SGUL lymres. Own Work. 19 November 2020. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy\_of\_the\_lymphatic\_system.jpg#/media/ File:Anatomy\_of\_the\_lymphatic\_system.jpg.
• 8. Figure 18.5. Lymph Capillaries. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/ , Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148307CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2202\_Lymphatic\_Capillaries.jpg#/media/File:220 2\_Lymphatic\_Capillaries.jpg
• 9. Figure 18.6. Lymph Node. KC Panchal. Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4360228. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic\_of\_lymph\_node\_showing\_lymph\_sin uses.svg#/media/File:Schematic\_of\_lymph\_node\_showing\_lymph\_sinuses.svg
• 10. Figure 18.7. Lymph Node Cross-section of a lymph node with sections labelled.1) Capsule; 2) Subcapsular sinus; 3) Germinal center; 4) Lymphoid nodule; 5) Trabeculae. Gleiberg. Own work, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Lymphknoten\_%28Schwein%29.jpg. 1989. CC BY-SA 2.0 De,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4463752
• 11. Figure 18.8. Tonsils and throat. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2209\_Location\_and\_Histology\_of\_Tonsils.jpg#/ media/File:2209\_Location\_and\_Histology\_of\_Tonsils.jpg.
• 12. Figure 18.9. The Spleen. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148316. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2208\_Spleen.jpg#/media/File:2208\_Spleen.jpg
• 13. Figure 18.10. The Thymus. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148314. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2206\_The\_Location\_Structure\_and\_Histology\_of \_the\_Thymus.jpg#/media/File:2206\_The\_Location\_Structure\_and\_Histology\_of\_the\_Thy mus.jpg
• 14. Figure 18.11. Intrapulmonary lymph node. Yale Rosen, 21 June 2012. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31127185. CC BY-SA 2.0 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intrapulmonary_lymph_node_(7493541864).jpg# /media/File:Intrapulmonary_lymph_node_(7493541864).jpg.
• 15. Figure 18.12. Spleen Histology. Bhavya akula. Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=129500941. CC BY-SA 4.0 International, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histology\_of\_Spleen.jpg#/media/File:Histology\_o f\_Spleen.jpg
• 16. Figure 18.13. Normal lymph node from a colectomy specimen. By Ed Uthman, MD https://www.flickr.com/photos/euthman/3113417731/, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5536592. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal\_Lymph\_Node.jpg#/media/File:Normal\_L ymph\_Node.jpg.
• 17. Figure 18.14. Unlabeled diagram of the lymph node. By Andrewmeyerson Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49411609.
• 18. Figure 18.15. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28086436. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0623\_LymphaticSystem\_Female.png.
• 19. Figure 18.16. Lymphatic system, anatomy. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 20. Figure 18.17. Lymphatic system, anatomy 2. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.10 Chapter 19: Respiratory System

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2015, Second edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0
• 4. Figure 19.1. The Respiratory System. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2301\_Major\_Respiratory\_Organs.jpg#/media/File:23 01\_Major\_Respiratory\_Organs.jpg.
• 5. Figure 19.2. The Respiratory system labeled. By Sad Edgar Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30804486. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory\_system\_numbered.png.
• 6. Figure 19.3. The upper and lower respiratory conducting passages. Lord Akryl, Jmarchn, 10 May 2010 Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_conducting\_passages.svg#/media/File:Illu\_cond ucting\_passages.svg. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• 7. Figure 19.4. Complete respiratory system. LadyofHats, Jmarchn. 13 December 2007. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory\_system\_complete\_en\_rendersvg.png#/ media/File:Respiratory\_system\_complete\_en\_rendersvg.png.
• 8. Figure 19.5. The Anatomy of the Nose, Pharynx, Mouth and Larynx. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2303\_Anatomy\_of\_Nose-Pharynx-Mouth-Larynx.jpg#/media/File:2303\_Anatomy\_of\_Nose-Pharynx-Mouth-Larynx.jpg.
• 9. Figure 19.6. The Structure of the Pharynx and Larynx. כסלו סתו. Own work. 3 February 2023. CC BY-SA 4.0. The figure was cropped. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Larynx\_and\_Pharynx\_Anatomical\_Relationship.png# /media/File:Larynx\_and\_Pharynx\_Anatomical\_Relationship.png.
• 10. Figure 19.7. Gross anatomy of the lungs. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2312\_Gross\_Anatomy\_of\_the\_Lungs.jpg#/media/Fil e:2312\_Gross\_Anatomy\_of\_the\_Lungs.jpg.
• 11. Figure 19.8. The Larynx; anterior and mid-sagittal views. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2306\_The\_Larynx.jpg#/media/File:2306\_The\_Larynx .jpg
• 12. Figure 19.9. Posterior view of the larynx. Cenveo. https://anatomytool.org/content/cenveodrawing-larynx-and-vocal-cords-english-labels. 3 August 2012. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomytool\_larynx\_and\_vocal\_cords\_English.jpg#/ media/File:Anatomytool\_larynx\_and\_vocal\_cords\_English.jpg.
• 13. Figure 19.10. Typical output from a spirometer . Vihsadas. LungVolume.jpg. 4 May 2011. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lungvolumes.svg#/media/File:Lungvolumes.svg.
• 14. Figure 19.11. Buhl spirometer with mouthpieces. https://externalcontent.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3bscientific.com%2Fthumblibrary%2 FW54136%2FW54136\_01\_1200\_1200\_Buhl-portable-spirometer-withmouthpieces.jpg&f=1&nofb=1&ipt=5c852d29c7d087b78e16c0d2ad72f70ad7beca9b00beb14 a3a05f1c072f0e066&ipo=images.
• 15. Figure 19.12. The human respiratory system numbered. LadyofHats, Jmarchn. Own work. December 2007. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory\_system\_complete\_numbered.svg#/medi a/File:Respiratory\_system\_complete\_numbered.svg.
• 16. Figure 19.13. Spirometer Output; enumerated. Vihsadas. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported.
• 17. Figure 19.14. The Larynx. Laboratoires Servier. Otorhinolaryngology. October 2016. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Otorhinolaryngology\_-\Larynx\–\_Smart-Servier.png#/media/File:Otorhinolaryngology\_-\Larynx\–\_Smart-Servier.png.
• 18. Figure 19.15. Respiratory-1. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 19. Figure 19.16. Respiratory-2. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 20. Figure 19.17. Respiratory-4. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0

24.11 Chapter 20: Digestive System

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2” August 2015, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0.
• 4. Figure 20.1. The digestive system. Mariana Ruiz, Jmarchn. December 17, 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive\_system\_diagram\_en.svg#/media/File:Dige stive\_system\_diagram\_en.svg.
• 5. Figure 20.2. Layers of the digestive tract. Goran tek-en. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal\_wall#/media/File:Layers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_englis h.svg. 8 March 2020. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Layers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_EDITED.svg#/media/File:L ayers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_EDITED.svg.
• 6. Figure 20.3. Human vocal organs in the oral/nasal cavities and trachea. Obsuser. Own work. 2 September 2016. BB BY CC0 1.0 Universal. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pronunciation\_organs\_diagram.png#/media/File:Pro nunciation\_organs\_diagram.png.
• 7. Figure 20.4. The digestive tract. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014” WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - File:Blausen_0432_GastroIntestinalSystem.png, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0 %BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE- %D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9\_%D1%82%D1 %80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82\_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0 %D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F\_%D1 %81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)\_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB %D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg#/media/File:Желудочнокишечный\тракт\(пищеварительная\_система)\_человека.jpg.
• 8. 20.5. Anatomy of the Stomach. Olek Remesz. Own work, Image:Illu stomach.jpg. 22 August 2007 (UTC). CC-BY-SA 2.5 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ventriculus.svg#/media/File:Ventriculus.svg.
• 9. Figure 20.6 Alimentary Canal. Tihmann. Magendarmkanal.JPG. CC BY SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magendarmkanal.JPG#/media/File:Magendarmkanal .JPG.
• 10. Figure 20.7. Biliary system. Jmarchn. Biliary system multilingual.svg. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biliary\_system\_multilingual.svg#/media/File:Biliary\_s ystem\_multilingual.svg.

24.11.0.1 Key: Bile duct and pancreas

• 1. Bile ducts:
• 2. Intrahepatic bile ducts
• 3. Left and right hepatic ducts
• 4. Common hepatic duct
• 5. Cystic duct
• 6. Common bile duct
• 7. Sphincter of Oddi
• 8. Major duodenal papilla
• 9. Gallbladder

• 10-11. Right and left lobes of liver

• 12. Spleen
• 13. Esophagus
• 14. Stomach
• 15. Pancreas:
• 16. Accessory pancreatic duct
• 17. Pancreatic duct
• 18. Small intestine
• 19. Duodenum
• 20. Jejunum

• 21-22: Right and left kidneys

• 11. Figure 20.8. The Large Intestine. BruceBlaus. Modificado de WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. Blausen 0604 LargeIntestine2.png, 9 December 2017. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0604\_espa%C3%B1ol.png#/media/File:Bla usen\_0604\_español.png.
• 12. Figure 20.9. Cross section of a tooth. Ian Furst, Goran tek-en. Cross sections of teeth labels.png. CC BY-SA 3.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cross\_sections\_of\_teeth\_labels.png#/media/File:Cro ss\_sections\_of\_teeth\_labels.png.
• 13. Figure 20.10. Adult Teeth. Laboratoires Servier. Smart Servier website: Digestive system. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive\system\-\_Adult\_teeth\2\– \_Smart-Servier.png#/media/File:Digestive\system\-\_Adult\_teeth\2\–\_Smart-Servier.png
• 14. Figure 20.11. Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Goran tek-en. Own work, derived from: 2402 Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract.jpg. 2 March 2014. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Layers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_english.svg#/media/File:La yers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_english.svg.
• 15. Figure 20.12. The Structures of the Mouth. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2406\_Structures\_of\_the\_Mouth.jpg#/media/File:240
• 16. Figure 20.13. Anatomy of the Mouth and esophagus. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2303\_Anatomy\_of\_Nose-Pharynx-Mouth-Larynx.jpg#/media/File:2303\_Anatomy\_of\_Nose-Pharynx-Mouth-Larynx.jpg.
• 17. Figure 20.14. The Salivary Glands. Juan Reddish. An Overview Of Parotid Glands.jpg. November 11, 2020. CC BY-SA 2.0 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An\_Overview\_Of\_Parotid\_Glands.jpg#/media/File:A n\_Overview\_Of\_Parotid\_Glands.jpg.
• 18. Figure 20.15. Types of teeth. By http://www.scientificanimations.com/. 3D Medical Animation Still Showing Types of Teeth.jpg. January 10, 2017. CC BY-SA 4.0 international. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3D\_Medical\_Animation\_Still\_Showing\_Types\_of\_Te eth.jpg#/media/File:3D\_Medical\_Animation\_Still\_Showing\_Types\_of\_Teeth.jpg.
• 19. Figure 20.16. Diagram of a molar. Human tooth diagram-en.svg from Wikimedia Commons by K. D. Schroeder, 29 October 2016. CC-BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human\_tooth\_diagramen.svg#/media/File:Human\_tooth\_diagram-en.svg.
• 20. Figure 20.17. Anatomy of the Stomach. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported.
• 21. Figure 20.18. The Layers of the Stomach. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2415\_Histology\_of\_StomachN.jpg#/media/File:2415 \_Histology\_of\_StomachN.jpg.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2414\_Stomach.jpg#/media/File:2414\_Stomach.jpg.
• 22. Figure 20.19. Anatomy of the Small Intestine. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28909224.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0817\_SmallIntestine\_Anatomy.png.
• 23. Figure 20.20. Small Intestine Villi. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2418\_Histology\_Small\_IntestinesN.jpg#/media/File:2 418\_Histology\_Small\_IntestinesN.jpg.
• 24. Figure 20.21. The duodenal papilla of the pancreas. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0699\_PancreasAnatomy2.png#/media/File: Blausen\_0699\_PancreasAnatomy2.png.
• 25. Figure 20.22. The large intestine. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002- 4436.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0604\_LargeIntestine2.png#/media/File:Blau sen\_0604\_LargeIntestine2.png. 6\_Structures\_of\_the\_Mouth.jpg.
• 26. Figure 20.23. Large intestine internal and external sphincters. Illu\_intestine.jpg. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/regions/intestine.html Public domain. Image cropped.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu\_intestine.jpg#/media/File:Illu\_intestine.jpg. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• 27. Figure 20.24. Accessory digestive organs. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2422\_Accessory\_Organs.jpg#/media/File:2422\_Acc essory\_Organs.jpg.
• 28. Figure 20.25. A representation of the structure of mesentery spread across the intestines. https://www.scientificanimations.com/ - http://www.scientificanimations.com/wiki-images/. File:Mesentery extending from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocecal junction..jpg. July 2018. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mesentery\_extending\_from\_the\_duodenojejunal\_flex ure\_to\_the\_ileocecal\_junction..jpg#/media/File:Mesentery\_extending\_from\_the\_duodenojeju nal\_flexure\_to\_the\_ileocecal\_junction..jpg
• 29. Figure 20.26. Organs of the thorax and abdominal regions. Beat Ruest. File:Organe brustbauch-br01b.jpg|Organe_brust-bauch-br01b. October 2, 2017. CC BY 4.0. International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Organe\_brust-bauchbr01b.jpg#/media/File:Organe\_brust-bauch-br01b.jpg.
• 30. Figure 20.27. The Pancreas. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1820\_The\_Pancreas.jpg#/media/File:1820\_The\_Pan creas.jpg.
• 31. Figure 20.28. Cross Section of the Small Intestine. Goran tek-en. File:Layers of the GI Tract numbers.svg|Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_numbers. March 2, 2014. CC BY SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Layers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_numbers.svg#/media/File:L ayers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_numbers.svg.
• 32. Figure 20.29. The Anatomy of the Large Intestine. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0604\_LargeIntestine2.png#/media/File:Blau sen\_0604\_LargeIntestine2.png.
• 33. Figure 20.30. Organs of the thorax and abdominal regions. Beat Ruest. File:Organe brustbauch-br01b.jpg|Organe_brust-bauch-br01b. October 2, 2017. CC BY 4.0. International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Organe\_brust-bauchbr01b.jpg#/media/File:Organe\_brust-bauch-br01b.jpg.
• 34. Figure 20.31. The digestive system. Mariana Ruiz, Jmarchn. December 17, 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive\_system\_diagram\_en.svg#/media/File:Dige stive\_system\_diagram\_en.svg.
• 35. Figure 20.32 . Layers of the digestive system enumerated. By Goran tek-en, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31413107. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Layers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_numbers.svg#/media/File:L ayers\_of\_the\_GI\_Tract\_numbers.svg
• 36. Figure 20.33. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 37. Figure 20.34. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 38. Figure 20.35. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 39. Figure 20.36. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.12 Chapter 21:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2”) August 2015, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0.
• 4. Figure 21.1. The female urinary system. BruceBlaus. Own work. 3 August 2017. CC BY-SA 4.0.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary\System\(Female).png#/media/File:Urinary\_ System\_(Female).png.
• 5. Figure 21.2. Unlabeled kidney. By Modificado de BruceBlaus Wikimedia Commons file:Blausen 0593 KidneyAnatomy 02.png, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56217207. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kydneylat.png.
• 6. Figure 21.3. Nephron anatomy. By BruceBlaus Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60402226. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nephron\_Anatomy.png#/media/File:Nephron\_Anato my.png.
• 7. Figure 21.4. Structures of the kidney. Piotr Michał Jaworski. Kidney PioM.png CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidney\_PioM.png#/media/File:Kidney\_PioM.png.
• 8. Figure 21.5. The male urinary system. BruceBlaus. Urinary\System\(Male)\_(cropped).png. 3 August 2017 . CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UrinarySystemMale.jpg#/media/File:UrinarySystemM ale.jpg
• 9. Figure 21.6. The Kidney. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2610\_The\_Kidney.jpg#/media/File:2610\_The\_Kidne y.jpg
• 10. Figure 21.7. The nephron. CNX OpenStax. http://cnx.org/contents/GFy\_h8cu@10.53:rZudN6XP@2/Introduction. Aug 22, 2012. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_41\_03\_03.png#/media/File:Figure\_41\_03\_03 .png
• 11. Figure 21.8. Blood flow in the Kidney. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2612\_Blood\_Flow\_in\_the\_Kidneys.jpg#/media/File:2 612\_Blood\_Flow\_in\_the\_Kidneys.jpg.
• 12. Figure 21.9. The Male and Female Urinary Tracts. Cenveo. https://anatomytool.org/content/cenveo-drawing-male-and-female-urinary-tract-english-labels. 3 November 2012. CC BY 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomytool\_Male\_and\_female\_urinary\_tract\_Englis h.jpg#/media/File:Anatomytool\_Male\_and\_female\_urinary\_tract\_English.jpg.
• 13. Figure 21.10. Transitional Epithelium found in the bladder. Echinaceapallida. Own work. 24 February 2009. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epith\_transitional.jpg#/media/File:Epith\_transitional.j pg.
• 14. Figure 21.11 Color results of the relative amount of dehydration in a urine sample. By OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148521
• 15. Figure 21.12 A medical illustration depicting a ketone urine test. By BruceBlaus Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59727895. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ketone\_Urine\_Test.png#/media/File:Ketone\Urine\ Test.png
• 16. Figure 21.13. A urine test strip is immersed into the sample. By User:Spicy, User:Stevenfruitsmaak, User:Bobjgalindo - Source files:File:Dipstick urinalysis.jpg by User:Spicy (own work, CC-BY-SA 4.0)File:Urinary phase-contrast microscopy.jpg by User:Stevenfruitsmaak (GFDL/CC-BY-3.0)File:Pyuria2.JPG by User:Bobjgalindo (GFDL/CC-BY-SA)Images cropped by the G. Mateja. CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=120522728
• 17. Figure 21.14. Comparison of a color strip to the label on a test strip container. By Uwe Gille Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=901510. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis
• 18. Figure 21.15. Juxtamedullary nephron. Aceofhearts1968. Own work. 27 September 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juxtamednephron.jpg#/media/File:Juxtamed-nephron.jpg.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis
• 19. Figure 21.16. The Urinary system. Jordi March i Nogué. Urinary\_system.svg. 10 July 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. htps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary\_system.svg#/media/File:Urinary\_system.svg.
• 18. Figure 21.17 . The Bladder. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148530. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2605\_The\_Bladder.jpg#/media/File:2605\_The\_Bladd er.jpg.
• 19. Figure 21.18. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 20. Figure 21.19. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 21. Figure 21.20. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.12.1 Chapter 22:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2” August 2015, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0.
• 4. Figure 22.1. The Male Reproductive System. Laboratoires Servier. Smart Servier website: Reproductive system. October 2016. CC BY SA 3.0. Unported. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reproductive\system\-\_Male\_genital\apparatus\– \_Smart-Servier.png#/media/File:Reproductive\system\-\_Male\_genital\apparatus\–\_Smart-Servier.png.
• 5. Figure 22.2. . Male anatomy unlabeled. By Male_anatomy_en.svg: *Male_anatomy.png: alt.sex FAQ - File:Male_anatomy_de.SVG, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114578769. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male\_reproductive\_system\_with\_labels\_for\_identific ation.png.
• 6. Figure 22.3 . Hunam testicle unlabeled. By OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology, version 8.25 from the Textbook - https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@8.25:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49891703. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_01\_03.jpg.
• 7. Figure 22.4. The Male Reproductive System OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_01\_01.jpg#/media/File:Figure\_28\_01\_01.j pg
• 8. Figure 22.5. The Penile Erectile Tissue. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_01\_06.jpg#/media/File:Figure\_28\_01\_06.j pg.
• 9. Figure 22.6. Illustration of the Human Testicle. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_01\_03.JPG#/media/File:Figure\_28\_01\_0 3.JPG.
• 10. Figure 22.7. Anatomy of the sperm cell. Christinelmiller. Own work. 25 June 2020. CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sperm\_Anatomy.png#/media/File:Sperm\_Anatomy.p ng.
• 11. Figure 22.8. An illustration of an adult human testicle KDS444. Own work. 5 April 2012 CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Testicle-Revised.jpg#/media/File:Testicle-Revised.jpg.
• 12. Figure 22.9. Male reproductive system with labels for identification. R. Dewaele (Bioscope, Unige), J. Abdulcadir (HUG), C. Brockmann (Bioscope, Unige), O. Fillod, S. Valera-Kummer (DIP). Male\_genital\system\-\_Front\_view.svg. 20 January 2022 . CC BY-SA 4.0 International. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male\_reproductive\_system\_with\_labels.png#/media/ File:Male\_reproductive\_system\_with\_labels.png.
• 13. Figure 22.10. Testes. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 14. Figure 22.11. Reproductive anatomy. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.

24.12.1.1 Chapter 23:

• 1. “Anatomy & Physiology 1 Laboratory Manual (RVCC), 1st Edition” (2021). Robinson, Julie, DC, CC BY 4.0
• 2. “UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual, 3rd Edition” (2017). Biological Sciences Open Textbooks. 14. Hesse, DeLoris; Cozart, Deanna; Szymik, Brett; and Nichols, Rob,. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/biology-textbooks/13; CC BY 4.0
• 3. “3600-Plus Review Questions for Anatomy & Physiology: Volume 2” August 2015, First edition. R. Michael Anson: CC BY 3.0.
• 4. C. Evans, Ficco, R, Kazmierczak, J, Meyer, J. CCAC Allegheny Campus. Bio 162 Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual. 2021.
• 5. Figure 23.1. Female Reproductive System. CDC, Mysid. https://web.archive.org/web/20050206211444/http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/cc\_basic.h tm. 6 May 2007. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme\_female\_reproductive\_systemen.svg#/media/File:Scheme\_female\_reproductive\_system-en.svg.
• 6. Figure 23.2. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29600452. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0399\_FemaleReproSystem\_01.png.
• 7. Figure 23.3. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.Modified by User:ArnoldReinhold who released mods under CC0 - This file was derived from: Blausen 0400 FemaleReproSystem 02.png, Attribution, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56281677.
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0400\_FemaleReproSystem\_02b.png#/medi a/File:Blausen\_0400\_FemaleReproSystem\_02b.png/2.
• 8. Figure 23.4. Female reproductive system. OpenStax College. Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. CC BY 3.0 Unported.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_02\_01.JPG#/media/File:Figure\_28\_02\_0 1.JPG.
• 9. Figure 23.5. Illustration of Oogenesis. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148636. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_02\_03.JPG.
• 10. Figure 23.6. Follicular stages in the ovary. By Tnhath Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89960454. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Follicle\_development\_stages.jpg.
• 11. Figure 23.7. Oogenesis. By Alexandra Garcia Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90648154. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oogenesis\_Labeled.svg.
• 12. Figure 23.8. Anterior view of the female uterus. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.27:189, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148640 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_02\_06.JPG#/media/File:Figure\_28\_02\_0 6.JPG
• 13. Figure 23.9. Fertilization. Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29738545. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen\_0404\_Fertilization.png.
• 14. Figure 23.10. Structures of the Vulva. By Anatomy Note Anatomy Note Organization, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93152697. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mons-pubis-anatomical-location-in-femalereproductive-system.png#/media/File:Mons-pubis-anatomical-location-in-femalereproductive-system.png
• 15. Figure 23.11. Female breast illustration. By OpenStax College Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148644. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure\_28\_02\_09.jpg.
• 16. Figure 23.12. Diagram of the breast. Patrick J. Lynch. Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, 3 September 2007. CC BY 3.0, Modified to add structural identifications. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2676813. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Breast\_anatomy\_normal\_scheme.png#/media/File:B reast\_anatomy\_normal\_scheme.png
• 17. Figure 23.13. Female reproductive anatomy 1. Reproductive anatomy. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 18. Figure 23.14. Female reproductive anatomy 2. Reproductive anatomy. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• 19. Figure 23.15. Female reproductive accessory structures. Reproductive anatomy. Mateja, George. 2024. Review Crossword Puzzles for Anatomy and Physiology. First Edition. CC BY-SA 4.0.